Christianity And The First Generation Polycarp - 1368 Words

As christianity began its transition from the original apostles onto the second generation Polycarp became one of the most instrumental figures in the development of the religion. Despite lacking formal education, Polycarp was christian since his childhood as he was said to be personally discipled by the apostle John. He became a bishop of the church and was widely regarded as a direct and humble teacher. During his lifetime he settled many issues surrounding christianity, such as clarifying the day in which to celebrate Easter, confronting many of the churches heretics and also successfully converted many people from gnosticism to christianity. For all his teachings and impact in the formative years of christianity Polycarp left just one†¦show more content†¦He would then become the first recorded martyr in the post-new testament church history. Polycarp is regarded as one of the most important people in christian history, the text The Martyrdom of Polycarp specifically gives him high praise as they proclaim his actions â€Å"courageous†, â€Å"apostolic† and even â€Å"prophetic† as his martyrdom â€Å"glorified God almighty† and in turn making his christian status immortal. A nod to his prophetic actions is illustrated in the text saying that â€Å"Every word which he uttered from his mouth both was fulfilled and will be fulfilled†. The Romans, who were polytheistic and were not open to differing beliefs, the punishment for which is execution. Despite being a christian his entire life it was not until Polycarp was eighty-six years old and was already a significant figure in the second generation of christian believers that the Romans set out to find him. However, it took longer than expected to find him, as he moved a few times before being betrayed by one of his peers. He was accused of not following roman religious customs, including praying, and offering sacrifices to Caesar. They brought him to the arena in Smyrna to persecute him. While in the arena the romans tried to persuade Polycarp to take the oath to Caesar and deny Christ but he refused. Subsequently they began threatening him, and considering his old age and the threat of death, they

American Pop Art Essay - 2717 Words

Examine the mass medias influence on both the formal and iconographic features of American Pop Art. Centre your discussion on one or two examples each of the work of the following artists: Andy Warhol, Claes Oldenburg, Roy Lichtenstein, Tom Wesselmann, James Rosenquist. Pop Art is one of the major art movements of the Twentieth Century. Characterized by themes and techniques drawn from mass culture such as advertising and comic books, pop art is widely interpreted as a reaction to the ideas of abstract expressionism which preceded Pop in the late 1940s and early 1950s. The decade of the 1960s was perhaps one of the most provocative, in terms of culture, politics and philosophy, of the 20th century. The amazing growth that†¦show more content†¦Campbells Soup Cans as well as Warhols famous Marilyn Monroe, (1962, Leo Castelli Gallery) are silk screened paintings based on the mass produced. These images are often presented in a series by which Warhol repeats the picture a large number of times on the same canvas or on separate canvases. Each image in the series is slightly different from the next one. Warhol utilizes a wide range of color from the monochrome to the vivid and vibrant. In his Campbell Soup painting, numerous rows and columns of red and white Campbell soup cans are painted alongside each other. They are all identical except for the flavor of the soup that is written on each can. Warhols main aesthetic strategies were based on the fashion industry and mass media advertising. This means that he constantly used reproduction and inc essant repetition in the art work. But it was repetition and reproduction without a message. For example, the statement ‘Black Bean on the Campbells soup can is meaningless when it is reproduced in art, which is exactly how mass advertising works and Warhol wanted his artwork to have this same effect. However, Warhols Campbells soup did not only function as an illustration of commercial industry and advertisement, it was an intrinsic part of Warhols life and memories and popular culture. For him the soup represented a feeling of being at home with family. It was what the mass mediaShow MoreRelatedPop Art And Its Influence On American Culture786 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"If Pop art was a from of realism, it was a realism that represented the ways American consumer culture had altered the perception of reality itself. Pop artists imagined themselves confronting a world in which the scale and compass of consumer capitalism, with its near-total saturation of society, exceeded tr aditional perceptual structures (Miller 598). Pop Art movement took place in various cities but mainly in New York in the sixties and became popular within two or three years. 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MeanwhileRead MoreInfl uence Of Consumer Culture On Pop Art1379 Words   |  6 PagesThe pop movement established itself during the rapid multinational corporate American expansion of the late 1950’s to mid 1960’s (Mamiya 1992, 14). Recognised for their study of subjects of popular culture and incorporation of â€Å"commercial techniques.† (Burton 2007, 113), Pop artists embraced â€Å"the culture of the masses† (Wilson 2011, 3). Although the Pop artists remained critically aware of the shortcomings within consumer culture their entanglement with the mentality and techniques of the culture

Marketing, Chimichangas and the Internet free essay sample

An amazing imaginary chimichanga is created by a traditional local Mexican-American business, â€Å"El Burrito Crazy.† This imaginary scenario takes place during the pre-internet marketing era and the imaginary business is actively dedicating most of its marketing budget towards outbound marketing, as it is in fact working effectively. The chimichanga is believed the best by the massive amounts of customers that have tasted it, customers are pouring in and the business is generating respectable income. â€Å"The best chimichanga American taste buds have ever tasted period.† the television advisement proclaims as millions of Americans rush to El Burrito Crazy after a hard day’s work to obtain their mouthwatering chimichangas. The radio spots during peak times are actively attracting customers, as well as the print ads in magazines, newspapers and the occasional flyers. All is going according to plan. Fast forward thirty years to 2012, all is not going according to plan. Their prior successful commercial model continues to be run, with updated celebrity models accompanied by fresh taglines, of course. In an effort to rekindle their prior success through marketing, the company hires an independent research company. During one of the research company’s trial runs with El Burrito Crazy’s new commercial, the tested customer being begins to watch the updated 2012 commercial. The tagline begins to be read through the celebrity’s mouth â€Å"America’s favorite chimichan†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The commercial gets interrupted by an impatient, bored, channel surfing, phone checking modern day American. The trials inevitably fail. El Burrito Crazy is gasping for a successful marketing strategy and under the guidance of a creative and experienced marketing manager the company begins to realize that modern day inbound marketing opportunities are not being implemented. Accustomed to the pre-internet marketing procedures the company is still allocating the majority of their marketing budget to outbound marketing, while still a successful strategy, inbound marketing paired with social media could definitely be a viable option for El Burrito Crazy. Evidently, Facebook in 2012 is flourishing as an advertising medium; Twitter is actively providing a direct relationship with customers and 88% of internet users consult with search engines while browsing for products. As the marketing panorama has changed with the introduction of the internet El Burrito Crazy’s successful marketing strategy could literally be just a click away. In an age where the once hugely successful television, radio and print advertisings ar e becoming both increasingly ineffective and expensive; the birth of the internet-marketing age arrives to the rescue for businesses. The impact of internet marketing in the business world was further fueled by a crucial factor, the mobile device phenomena. Once internet marketing was paired with the mobile devices, such as smartphones, the business world was completely revolutionized in the sense of accessibility. Marketing improved for both small businesses as well as large corporations as an outcome of the introduction of mobile devices. While it is true that mobile devices revolutionized the means by which customers’ accessed their information and handled their daily decisions, internet marketing modified the data consumers accessed as well as lowered the overall cost of marketing which in turn allowed companies of all sizes the amount of exposure needed. In the age of traditional marketing, such as when the imaginary business El Burrito Crazy began, companies were forced to allocate a substantial amount of their marketing budget towards traditional forms of marketing that include television, radio and magazine advertisements. In the present age, companies benefit from modern marketing techniques such as twitter, Facebook, Yelp and LivingSocial. Social networks and business discovery applications give businesses the opportunity to obtain increased exposure and range while being non-invasive towards the customer. Since the customer initially consults the Yelp or LivingSocial app on their smartphone by choice, they are already searching for a business to satisfy their needs. This categorizes mobile apps as inbound marketing as well as being non-invasive. A prime example of a company that uses internet marketing to their advantage would be Crest Hill Illinois’ Aunt Nina’s Sweets ‘n’ Treats. This small corporation utilizes discovery apps such as LivingSocial and twitter to help attract customers searching for baking, candy and venue solutions. Once the customer has been introduced to the company and has purchased their products or used their services, Aunt Nina’s Sweets ‘N† treats uses Yelp to obtain positive reviews. The simple act of getting a positive review from a customer incre ases brand image. The fact that a webpage created in a certain country has the ability to be accessed from anywhere in the world benefitted International corporations like El Burrito Crazy. Once tied down to regional advertisements due to monetary restrictions, companies can now creatively create marketing campaigns that will generate worldwide interest in a brand. The improvements and advantages that were presented by the revolution of internet marketing and the smartphone phenomena point to consumers’ lives being forever mobilized. This indicates that internet marketing, and marketing in general, will have to continually streamline itself with changing technologies and market trends in order to create successful marketing campaigns. According to modern internet marketing, El Burrito Crazy’s successful comeback campaign will be in the company’s ability to use ever-evolving technology and its tools to provide solid and useful information to their customers.

Palazzo Ruccelai Essays - Leon Battista Alberti,

Palazzo Ruccelai The Palazzo Ruccelai was one of the first works by Leon Battista Alberti. He was an Italian architect, architectural theorist, and universal genius. Albert was the most important early Renaissance architect after Filippo Brunelleschi (Gympel, 44). The Palazzo originated in Florence. The monumental private building is derived from palatium. This Latin word comes from the Roman hill which Emperor Augustus and his successors lived. During the 13th and 14th centuries, many of Italian towns were destroyed during the power struggles. This explains why the exterior of the Early Renaissance palaces were dark, defensive, raw and uninvited (Gympel, 44). Construction on the Palazzo Ruccelai began somewhere between 1455 and 1460. Leon Batista Alberti designed the original Palace to have five bays, the center being where the door was located. Later on, two more bays were added by someone else (class notes 1/19/00). There are three stories on this building. Each story is equal in height and rustication is uniform. This evenness is what gives the Renaissance its name. Most buildings made at this time have similar attributes. Each story has its own column capital to it. The ground floor has the Tucson order, the middle floor has Alberti's own design, and the top floor has the Corinthian order. I thought in Leon Battista Alberti's treaty, The Ten Books of Architecture, I would find out what each of the column capitals meant to him, but all I could find is dimension requirements for each order. The Colosseum has similarities with the Palazzo Ruccelai also. I believe some of Alberti's ideas came from at least the columns. It has a similar placement of the columns. They both have the Tucson order on the ground story, and the Corinthian on the top story. Where the Palazzo Ruccelai has the composite though, the Colosseum has the Ionic (Kostof 207). I wish I could find what was on the inside of this building. This could have some importance in the placement of the columns, but I came up empty. The exterior gives no consideration to what is inside the Palazzo Ruccelai. Each window is the same, except for the two over the doors, which I could only think are used to emphasize the entry into the Palazzo. The Palazzo Ruccelai is a building that can continue to grow, as it has. It started with the original five bays, and two and a half more were added. If there was enough space, even more could be added. The last bay not being completed gives some indication of how this building can continue to grow. The Palazzo Ruccelai is a very simply building. Everything is equal. Measurements would be simple because everything is similar in design and dimension. I wish there was more information on the Palazzo Ruccelai. I believe this is a very interesting building. Even though the last bay is incomplete, I believe it gives it a very unique quality. Bibliography Alberti, Leon Battista. The Ten Books of Archtecture. 1755. New York: Dover Publications Inc., 1986 Gympel, Jan. The Story of Archtecture: From Antiquity to the Present. Cambridge: Goodfellow & Egan, 1996. Kostof, Spiro. A History of Architeture: Settings and Rituals. 2nd Ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995. Palazzo Ruccelai Essays - Leon Battista Alberti, Palazzo Ruccelai The Palazzo Ruccelai was one of the first works by Leon Battista Alberti. He was an Italian architect, architectural theorist, and universal genius. Albert was the most important early Renaissance architect after Filippo Brunelleschi (Gympel, 44). The Palazzo originated in Florence. The monumental private building is derived from palatium. This Latin word comes from the Roman hill which Emperor Augustus and his successors lived. During the 13th and 14th centuries, many of Italian towns were destroyed during the power struggles. This explains why the exterior of the Early Renaissance palaces were dark, defensive, raw and uninvited (Gympel, 44). Construction on the Palazzo Ruccelai began somewhere between 1455 and 1460. Leon Batista Alberti designed the original Palace to have five bays, the center being where the door was located. Later on, two more bays were added by someone else (class notes 1/19/00). There are three stories on this building. Each story is equal in height and rustication is uniform. This evenness is what gives the Renaissance its name. Most buildings made at this time have similar attributes. Each story has its own column capital to it. The ground floor has the Tucson order, the middle floor has Alberti's own design, and the top floor has the Corinthian order. I thought in Leon Battista Alberti's treaty, The Ten Books of Architecture, I would find out what each of the column capitals meant to him, but all I could find is dimension requirements for each order. The Colosseum has similarities with the Palazzo Ruccelai also. I believe some of Alberti's ideas came from at least the columns. It has a similar placement of the columns. They both have the Tucson order on the ground story, and the Corinthian on the top story. Where the Palazzo Ruccelai has the composite though, the Colosseum has the Ionic (Kostof 207). I wish I could find what was on the inside of this building. This could have some importance in the placement of the columns, but I came up empty. The exterior gives no consideration to what is inside the Palazzo Ruccelai. Each window is the same, except for the two over the doors, which I could only think are used to emphasize the entry into the Palazzo. The Palazzo Ruccelai is a building that can continue to grow, as it has. It started with the original five bays, and two and a half more were added. If there was enough space, even more could be added. The last bay not being completed gives some indication of how this building can continue to grow. The Palazzo Ruccelai is a very simply building. Everything is equal. Measurements would be simple because everything is similar in design and dimension. I wish there was more information on the Palazzo Ruccelai. I believe this is a very interesting building. Even though the last bay is incomplete, I believe it gives it a very unique quality. Bibliography Alberti, Leon Battista. The Ten Books of Archtecture. 1755. New York: Dover Publications Inc., 1986 Gympel, Jan. The Story of Archtecture: From Antiquity to the Present. Cambridge: Goodfellow & Egan, 1996. Kostof, Spiro. A History of Architeture: Settings and Rituals. 2nd Ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995.