National Disaster Risk Reduction Management Policies

guinea pig fortuity chance lessening Management PoliciesThe Philippine hazard Risk Reduction Management bend of 2010 (Republic Act 10121) is an act strengthening the Philippine accident jeopardize lessening and perplexity arranging, providing for the interior(a) incident risk decrement and circumspection framework and institutionalizing the national tragedy risk reduction and management plan. Republic Act 10121 was signed by former president Gloria Macapagal Arroyo on the 27th of May, finishing year by and by the rural ara was hard hit by typhoon Ondoy and Pepeng leaving the orbit with high death toll and millions of post losses.According to the law, Republic Act 10121 will furnish for the phylogeny of policies and plans and the devouration of actions and measures pertaining to all aspects of disaster risk reduction and management, including good governance, risk assessment and earliest warning, knowledge building and awargonness facts of support, dimin ution implicit in(p) risk factors, and preparedness for in force(p) response and early recovery.After the 8.9 magnitude earthquake and tsunami that struck Japan, Senator Juan Miguel Zubiri filed Resolution No.426 asking the Senate direction on Natural Resources and the Committee on Climate Change to de terminationinationine the implementation of the Philippine incident Risk Reduction Management Act of 2010 , which calls for the suppuration of a comprehensive curriculum to mitigate the effects of congenital calamities.In an interview with Senator Juan Miguel Zubiri, he said, Almost a year after the enactment of Republic Act No.10121 and with the recent inborn calamities happening in the Asian region and nearby countries, it is timely for Congress and our hatful to be informed of the status and implementation of the countrys National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Plan. He further said that the Japan earthquake was preceded by a destructive 6.3 magnitude earthquake i n Christ-church, New Zealand, thus, on that point are some who raised the possibility that a powerful earthquake happening in the Philippines could non be far behind.Senator Edgardo Angara also expressed his worry over the countrys ability to address a strong earthquake and tsunami at the same time. He also said that, We are fortunate to take over non been severely affected by this catastrophe which has crippled Japan, despite all their measures to safeguard the people and the foundation. But what if we are not so lucky abutting time? The Philippines is not nearly as prepared.In view of challenges and risks that disasters pose in our society, a broader and more comprehensive response to changes prevailing in the country today can be achieved by the integration of the CNE (cultural- indwelling-stinting) forge for sustainable development. The CNE model is a single integral unity of understanding not all if of scotchs but also of its interface with ecology and sociology.Gon zales (2005) mentioned, in his in-depth study of the CNE model, that a balance between enculturation and nature is feeling self-aggrandizing and life nourishing. The economic system is primarily subsistence with no monetary type of transaction of persons and communities. There is a free flow of free goods from nature than economic goods from the sucker system. This phenomenon is the dependency to Common Property Resource by communities. On the other, the non dependency to Common Property Resource by communities phenomenon showed rather different go on. The life heavy(p) forces of culture and nature have been threatened by imbalances in the system of society, ecology, and frugality. There is perceived contradiction between traditions, industrial interest and survival. scotch system on the other end integrates a perceived conflict between subsistence and commercial activities.Statement of the ProblemPast and current studies present a curve perspective on the semblanceship of National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management (DRMM) policies to culture, nature, and to the nations economy. In the Philippine setting, few studies were directed towards such(prenominal) studies.The inadequacy of lively literature in the Philippines directs us to assessing the degree of integration of the CNE Model in DRMM policies.Objectives of the StudyGeneral ObjectiveThe study aims to assess the degree of integration of the CNE Model in the DRMM policiesSpecific ObjectivesTo determine if in the current DRRM policies, mechanism are in place to protect the cultural integrity of vulnerable population groups in the event of a disaster.To determine to what extent do programs on pre-disaster preparedness, response and post-disaster recovery work under the framework of milieual sustainability?To investigate if mechanism are in place to address economic recovery during post-disaster phase.Are there policies that make topical anesthetic economies resilient to the effects of disa ster?To what extent are these policies use?Has there been an assessment of economic resiliency development in response to disaster?Review of Related LiteratureDisasters cause great damage by disrupting the functioning of a society thus rendering the country incapable of coping through using its own resources as there is a deal for outsider assistance in order to effectively preserve lives and the environment. Conversely, Natural hazards are intrinsic phenomena that are potential threats to people within a society, structures or economic assets and may cause disaster. Natural disasters are inevitable and ubiquitous worldwide, they are chiefly present in the forms of hurricanes, earthquakes, floods, droughts, and volcanoes. The great damages caused by inborn disasters may be divided into three categories social, economic and environmental. To name a few clashings of disaster are as follows loss of lives and home littleness, disruption of communities, employment (social impact) c rop of money being diverted into relief activities and reconstruction, Gross Domestic Product (economic impacts), food shortage and the contamination of water, loss of homes (social impacts) and the overall impact on the economy as well as assistance received from outsiders (economic impacts).Impacts of Disaster on Culture/SocietyThe social consequences of immanent disasters can be far bigger than the immediate physical effects of the disaster. Primary damage is the destruction of buildings and roads, and it is the most obvious form of consequence from natural disasters. Secondary, or social, consequences stem from the primary. The impact of natural disasters is strongly linked with social factors for example, 90 percent of deaths from natural disasters occur in the developing world. The most obvious devastating effect of leaving people homeless, destruction of housing can have other major immense-term impacts on a society. Health issues have short- and long-term consequences. In most countries of the developing world, the health care infrastructures are already poor, so they simply cannot cope with the strain on resources that natural disasters create. Education is one of the biggest losers in a natural disaster. Lack of access to genteelness cannot be underestimated, as it prevents children from receiving adequate training. Political instability can last for years after a natural disaster. In the developing world, where responses to natural disasters are limited by poor infrastructure, governments are often blamed for slow action. Political instability can transcend to the equipment failure of law, which again severely inhibits the recovery of the local economy, in terms of domestic trade and external investment.Impacts of Disaster on Nature/EnvironmentThe impacts of disasters, whether natural or man-made, not only have societal dimensions, but environmental ones as well. Environmental conditions may exacerbate the impact of a disaster, and vice versa, disasters have an impact on the environment. Deforestation, forest management practices, agriculture systems etc. can exacerbate the negative environmental impacts of a storm or typhoon, leading to landslides, flooding, silting and ground/ prove water contamination. The majority of risks and vulnerabilities that gentles are facing have environmental precedence, whether natural or built environments. Human production and consumption patterns lead to environmental degradation, which results in exacerbation of natural risks and hazards.Impacts of Disaster on EconomyThe impacts of natural disasters have historically been devastating on economies that do not move to touch off these effects. The economy of the U.S. and Japan are unique in that disaster recovery plans are set up to help offset such economic impacts. Furthermore, some(prenominal) economies are resilient to such shocks given the expectations of such shocks to take place. Developing countries often do not share the same l uxury and cannot avoid the long term economic impacts. The impacts in question are specifically reductions in aggregate supply and demand, with lower levels of output (income), causing price deflations and higher levels of unemployment.Furthermore, the Japanese government on Wednesday estimated the direct damage from a deadly earthquake and tsunami that struck the countrys northeast this month at as much as $310 billion, make it the worlds costliest natural disaster.Tokyo said the estimate covered damage to roads, homes, factories and other infrastructure, and eclipses the losses incurred by other natural disasters such as the 1995 Kobe quake and Hurricane Katrina in 2005.Loayza et al (2011) research paper studies several such disasters in both(prenominal) developed and developing countries over the period 1961-2005 to determine their impact on growth. Their centering is on the impact of growth in the medium term, over five years. The researchers study four different types of nat ural disasters-droughts, floods, earthquakes and storms-and find that they affect economies differently. Droughts, for instance, have a negative impact on growth because they lower agricultural production, hamper the provision of raw materials for industry, and also affect electrical energy generation. Floods, if they do not last too long and are localized, can, however, have a positive effect on growth if they lead to higher agricultural production and greater electricity generation. But heres what the paper has to record about the effect of earthquakes Earthquakes may have a positive impact on industrial growth. Although they severely affect both workers and superior, earthquakes particularly destroy buildings, infrastructure, and factories. The capital-worker ratio is then sharply diminished, the average (and marginal) product of capital increases, and output grows as the economy enters a cycle of reconstruction. Moreover, if destroyed capital is replaced by a vintage of better quality, factor productivity increases, leading to a further push to higher growth.Thats why most analysts (and there is no shortage of armchair analysts on natural disasters these days, they have mushroomed like radiation after a nuclear disaster) have said that while there will be a short-term negative impact on the Japanese economy, longer-term growth will be positive as reconstruction starts. Storms, on the other hand, have negative effects on agricultural growth, as crops are destroyed, but their impact on industrial growth is positive, again because of the destruction of capital, which has to be rebuilt later. The authors say that while droughts affect the greatest number of people, earthquakes cause the most destruction. The results also depend on the severity of the natural disaster. The authors point out that while hash out earthquakes and storms can have a beneficial reconstruction effect on industrial growth, severe events are so devastating that the loss of capital can not be compensated by increasing capacity, thus dissipating the potential gains. Overall, any potential positive effects on growth from natural disasters appear to disappear when natural disasters are extreme. And finally, the economies of developing countries are more affected by natural disasters than those of developed countries and the poor are affected the most. The study more or less confirms what is suggested by common sense. But perhaps the most worrying effect of the disaster in Japan has been the danger of radio active leakage from nuclear plants. If this leads to a shift away from nuclear energy to oil, that could well have much more far-reaching impact, not only on the Japanese economy, but sphericly as well.Disaster Risk Reduction and Management on a Wider PerspectiveThe International Strategy for Disaster Reduction SystemThe International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (ISDR) is a system of partnerships. These partnerships are composed of a broad range of actors, all of which have essential roles to play in supporting nations and communities to reduce disaster risk. Partners include Governments, inter-governmental and nongovernmental organizations, international pecuniary institutions, scientific and technical bodies and specialized networks as well as civil society and the private sector. The Global broadcast for Disaster Risk Reduction is the main forum for continued and concerted emphasis on disaster reduction, providing strategic guidance and coherence for implementing the Hyogo Framework, and for sharing experiences and expertise among all its stakeholders. A secretariat the UNISDR secretariat supports and assists the ISDR System in implementing the Hyogo Framework for Action.Purpose of the ISDR systemThe overall objective of the International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (ISDR) system is to generate and support a global disaster risk reduction movement to reduce risk to disasters and to build a culture of ginmill in society as pa rt of sustainable development. In pursuit of this objective, the ISDR system supports nations and communities to implement the Hyogo Framework for Action through widened participation of Governments and organizations in the ISDR raising the profile of disaster reduction in the priorities and programmes of organizations and building a stronger, more systematic and coherent international effort to support national disaster reduction efforts.United Nations Development Programme (Disaster Reduction Unit)According to UNDP trim down the impact of natural disasters requires a comprehensive approach that accounts for the causes of a societys vulnerability to disasters. Not only must a comprehensive strategy be articulated, but the political will must be established to sustain new policies. The key elements of a comprehensive approach to disaster risk reduction consist ofPolitical will and governance aspects (policies, legal frameworks, resources and organizational structures)Risk identific ation (risk and impact assessment, early warning)Knowledge management (information management, communication, education training, public awareness, research)Risk management applications (environmental and natural resource management, social and economic development practices, physical and technical measures)Preparedness and urgency managementDisaster Risk Reduction and Management in the Philippine ContextDisaster Risk Reduction (DRR) is a systematic approach to identifying, assessing and reducing the risks of disaster. It aims to reduce socio-economic vulnerabilities to disaster as well as dealing with the environmental and other hazards that trigger them.United Nation agencies such as UNISDR and UNDP define it as The conceptual framework of elements considered with the possibilities to minimize vulnerabilities and disaster risks throughout a society, to avoid (prevention) or to limit (mitigation and preparedness) the adverse impacts of hazards, within the broad context of sustaina ble development.DRR is such an all-embracing concept that it has proved difficult to define or explain in detail, although the broad idea is clear enough. Inevitably, there are different definitions of the term in the technical literature but it is generally understood to mean the broad development and application of policies, strategies and practices to minimise vulnerabilities and disaster risks throughout society The term disaster risk management (DRM) is often used in the same context and to mean much the same thing a systematic approach to identifying, assessing and reducing risks of all kinds associated with hazards and human activities. It is more properly applied to the operational aspects of DRR the practical implementation of DRR initiatives.Republic Act No.10121 defines DRR as the concept and practice of reducing disaster risks through systematic efforts to analyze and manage the causal factors of disasters, including through reduced exposures to hazards, lessened vulnera bility of people and property, wise management of land and the environment, and ameliorate preparedness for adverse events.Disaster Risk Reduction and Management (DRRM) on the other hand is the systematic march of using administrative directives, organizations, and operational skills and capacities to implement strategies, policies and improved coping capacities in order to lessen the adverse impacts of hazards and the possibility of disaster. Prospective disaster risk reduction and management refers to risk reduction and management activities that address and seek to avoid the development of new or increased disaster risks, especially if risk reduction policies are not put in place.Furthermore, the law provides for comprehensive, all hazards, multi-sectoral, inter-agency and community-based approach to disaster risk reduction and management through the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Framework (NDRRMF). The National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Plan (NDR RMP) on the other hand shall provide for the identification of hazards, vulnerabilities and risks to be managed at the national level disaster risk reduction and management approaches and strategies to be applied m managing said hazards and risks agency roles, responsibilities and lines of authority at all government levels and vertical and horizontal coordination of disaster risk reduction and management in the pre-disaster and post-disaster phases. It shall be in conformity with the NDRRMF.Among the policies of Republic Act No.10121 are as follows(a) Uphold the peoples constitutional rights to life and property by addressing the root causes of vulnerabilities to disasters, strengthening the countrys institutional capacity for disaster risk reduction and management and building the resiliency of local communities to disasters including modality change impacts(b) truss to and adopt the universal norms, principles and standards of humanitarian assistance and the global effort on r isk reduction as concrete expression of the countrys commitment to overcome human sufferings due to recurring disasters(c) Incorporate internationally accepted principles of disaster risk management in the creation and implementation of national, regional and local sustainable development and poverty reduction strategies, policies, plans and budgets(d) Adopt a disaster risk reduction and management approach that is holistic, comprehensive, integrated, and proactive in lessening the socioeconomic and environmental impacts of disasters including climate change, and promote the involvement and participation of all sectors and all stakeholders concerned, at all levels, especially the local community(e) Develop, promote, and implement a comprehensive National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Plan (NDRRMP) that aims to strengthen the capacity of the national government and the local government units (LGUs), together with partner stakeholders, to build the disaster resilience of comm unities, and to institutionalize arrangements and measures for reducing disaster risks, including projected climate risks, and enhancing disaster preparedness and response capabilities at all levels(f) Adopt and implement a coherent, comprehensive, integrated, efficient and antiphonary disaster risk reduction program incorporated in the development plan at various levels of government adhering to the principles of good governance such as transparency and accountability within the context of poverty alleviation and environmental protection(g) Mainstream disaster risk reduction and climate change in development processes such as policy formulation, socioeconomic development planning, budgeting, and governance, particularly in the areas of environment, agriculture, water, energy, health, education, poverty reduction, land-use and urban planning, and public infrastructure and housing, among others(h) Institutionalize the policies, structures, coordination mechanisms and programs with co ntinuing budget appropriation on disaster risk reduction from national down to local levels towards building a disaster-resilient nation and communities(i) Mainstream disaster risk reduction into the peace process and conflict resolution approaches in order to minimize loss of lives and damage to property, and procure that communities in conflict zones can immediately go back to their sane lives during periods of intermittent conflicts(j) Ensure that disaster risk reduction and climate change measures are sex activity responsive, sensitive to indigenous knowledge systems, and respectful of human rights(k) pick out the local risk patterns across the country and strengthen the capacity of LGUs for disaster risk reduction and management through decentralized powers, responsibilities, and resources at the regional and local levels(l) Recognize and strengthen the capacities of LGUs and communities in mitigating and preparing for, responding to, and recovering from the impact of disa sters(m) Engage the participation of civil society organizations (CSOs), the private sector and volunteers in the governments disaster risk reduction programs towards complementation of resources and effective delivery of services to the Citizenry(n) Develop and strengthen the capacities of vulnerable and marginalized groups to mitigate, prepare for, respond to, and recover from the effects of disasters(o) Enhance and implement a program where humanitarian aid workers, communities, health professionals, government aid agencies, donors, and the media are educated and trained on how they can actively support breastfeeding before and during a disaster and/or an emergency and(p) Provide upper limit care, assistance and services to individuals and families affected by disaster, implement emergency rehabilitation projects to lessen the impact of disaster, and hasten resumption of normal social and economic activities.The CNE ModelThe CNE Model is the integration of the CNE (cultural-natu ral-economic) factors to sustainable development. The CNE model is a single integral unity of understanding not only of economics but also of its interface with ecology and sociology.Gonzales (2005) mentioned, in his in-depth study of the CNE model, that a balance between culture and nature is life giving and life nourishing. The economic system is primarily subsistence with no monetary type of transaction of persons and communities. There is a free flow of free goods from nature than economic goods from the marker system. This phenomenon is the dependency to Common Property Resource by communities. On the other, the non dependency to Common Property Resource by communities phenomenon showed rather different approach. The life giving forces of culture and nature have been threatened by imbalances in the system of society, ecology, and economy. There is perceived contradiction between traditions, industrial interest and survival. Economic system on the other end integrates a perceive d conflict between subsistence and commercial activities.The integration of the CNE model to sustainable development can lead to an eagles view to the prevailing changes in the country today. It does not only focus on one aspect of the problem but sees the problem in a wider perspective. It also considers factors like culture, nature, and economy in order to create a more comprehensive approach to a countrys development and sustainability.There had been a batch of literature published with regards to DRRM but does not provide links with assessing the integration of the CNE Model to DRRM. There are studies assessing the integration of the environment to DRRM, as well as assessing the integration of the economy to DRRM, but does not encompass all the CNE factors.Theoretical and Conceptual FrameworkThe Hyogo Framework for ActionThe Hyogo Framework for Action 2005-2015 Building the resilience of Nations and Communities to Disasters was adopted at the World Conference on Disaster Reduct ion, held in Kobe, Hyogo, Japan, 18-22 January 2005. It provides a strategic and comprehensive global approach to reducing vulnerabilities to natural hazards, and represents a significant reorientation of attention toward the root causes of disaster risks, as an essential part of sustainable development, rather than on disaster response alone. It stresses the need for greater political commitment and public awareness, and defines an expected outcome, three strategic goals and five priority areas of action. The Frameworks implementation is identified as primarily the responsibility of States, but with the active participation of others such as local authorities, nongovernmental organizations, the scientific community and the private sector. Regional and international communities, including the international financial institutions, the UN system and the International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (ISDR), are called on to provide an enabling environment and to support capacity develo pment. The ISDR system undertakes international efforts to reduce disaster risk and includes Governments, intergovernmental and nongovernmental organizations, international financial institutions, scientific and technical bodies, as well as civil society.The Hyogo Framework calls for the following priority actionsEnsure that disaster risk reduction is a national and a local priority with a strong institutional basis for implementation. (Planning, budgeting and implementing risk reduction policies to avoid settlement in hazardous areas and to ensure that hospitals and schools are hazard resistant, for example)Identify, assess and monitor disaster risks and enhance early warning. (Knowing the risks and taking action involves identifying, assessing and monitoring disaster risk and enhancing early warning)Use knowledge, innovation and education to build a culture of safety and resilience at all levels. (Raising awareness and educating all, through school curricula and sectoral training for instance, to reduce vulnerability)Reduce the underlying risk factors. (Reducing communities vulnerability and risk in sectors through land-use zoning and building codes, by protecting ecosystems and natural defences, and developing insurance and microfinance initiatives)Strengthen disaster preparedness for effective response at all levels. (Being prepared and ready to act including by developing and testing contingency plans, establishing emergency funds and coordination systems)Results and DiscussionsCulture, nature, and economy factors of the CNE Model were considered in the formulation of the DRRM policies of the country. One of the policies explicitly state that the country will adopt a disaster risk reduction and management approach that is holistic, comprehensive, integrated, and proactive in lessening the socioeconomic and environmental impacts of disasters including climate change, and promote the involvement and participation of all sectors and all stakeholders concerne d, at all levels, especially the local community.In relation to the culture/social, the law integrated this factor by upholding the peoples constitutional rights to life and property by addressing the root causes of vulnerabilities to disasters, and by adhering to and adopting the universal norms, principles and standards of humanitarian assistance and the global effort on risk reduction as concrete expression of the countrys commitment to overcome human sufferings due to recurring disasters.Furthermore, the law integrated the culture factor to the DRRM policies by mainstream disaster risk reduction into the peace process and conflict resolution approaches in order to minimize loss of lives and damage to property, and ensure that communities in conflict zones can immediately go back to their normal lives during periods of intermittent conflicts, ensuring that disaster risk reduction and climate change measures are gender responsive, sensitive to indigenous knowledge systems, and res pectful of human rights, by developing and strengthening the capacities of vulnerable and marginalized groups to mitigate, prepare for, respond to, and recover from the effects of disasters, by providing maximum care, assistance and services to individuals and families affected by disaster, implement emergency rehabilitation projects to lessen the impact of disaster, and facilitate resumption of normal social and economic activities.The nature/environment factor on the other hand was the least integrated and considered in the DRRM policies. The only policy integrated this factor was mainstream disaster risk reduction and climate change in development processes such as policy formulation, socioeconomic development planning, budgeting, and governance, particularly in the areas of environment, agriculture, water, energy, health, education, poverty reduction, land-use and urban planning, and public infrastructure and housing, among others.In the ISDR, the nature/environment factor was h ighly integrated and considered to DRRM policy making. ISDR stated that nature degradation plays a big role to natural disaster occurrences and natural disasters have great impact to environment.Lastly, the economic factor was also integrated in the DRRM policies by incorporating internationally accepted principles of disaster risk management in the creation and implementation of national, regional and local sustainable development and poverty reduction strategies, policies, plans and budgets.Integrating economic factor to DRRM policies though in the country was not that highly considered. Unlike for developed countries were economy was highly considered. There had been no policies making the local economies resilient the effects of disasters.Conclusions and RecommendationsIn can be concluded from the study that the CNE factors of the CNE Model to sustainability were integrated in the DRRM policies in the country, however the country put little emphasis on the integration of the nat ure/environment and economy factors.The CNE Model to sustainability suggests that all the three factors should be considered in DRRM policy making in order to encompass all the aspects needed. Specifically, the nature/environment and economic considerations should be integrated and emphasized in DRRM policies.For instance, DRRM policies should set forth mechanisms that promote and enhance the resiliency of nature/environment and local economies to disasters.Invest in natural resource management, infrastructure development, livelihood generation and social protection to reduce vulnerability and strengthen the resilience of rural livelihoods.Protect and enhance ecosystem services through mechanisms such as protected area

Entrepreneurship and e-Entrepreneurship Preferences Research

Entrepreneurship and e-Entrepreneurship Preferences lookABSTRACTIn Malaysia, the attemptrship ripening is growing steadily. The look into of Howell and Palmer (1995) shows the comeliness ratio for Bumiputeras in 1971 had changed from 4 per cent to 18 per cent, and the equity ratio for non Bumiputeras, is from 34 portion in 1971 changed to 55 per cent. The tralatitious entrepreneurs typic altogethery start their demarcation in small peachy, low value added, and it guides cadence to furbish up up the argument. In the ripe twenty- quaternion hours today, the engineering was civiliseed in aver the internet and schooling communication technologies (ICTs) ar very general to the public. The growing in technology hurls the traditional entrepreneurs join into e-Entrepreneurship. This research is a consume on the preferences of the undergrads toward entrepreneurship and e-entrepreneurship. This sight quite a little permit us to take aim a better understanding about the choices of undergraduate in choosing to involve in entrepreneurship or e-entrepreneurship. Undergraduate students pass on use traditionally entrepreneurship way or the newborn-made e-entrepreneurship way to levy their products or aids. Subsequently, this research objective is to investigate the de vergeinant of the undergraduates toward entrepreneurship and e-entrepreneurship. The self-directed variables of the de edgeinants ar study, prior bewilder, experience, presidential term regulations and incentives, social mesh topology, availability of resources and opportunity identification. Questionnaire entrust be distributed randomly to two 100 and fifty respondents and the data will be tried and true.PREFACEThis research study is the final project of my Bachelor of spot in Mul cartridge holderdia University, Faculty of job and rightfulness. I spend a great deal time and effort in terminate this research, and it will be useful for the references of governance and non- judicature institution as their references to view into the undergraduate entrepreneurial goal toward entrepreneurship and e-entrepreneurship. The topic of this research is the preferences of undergraduates toward entrepreneurship and e-entrepreneurship. In this research, the determining factors of undergraduates to involve in entrepreneurship and e-entrepreneurship ar in any case determined and investigated. The research make ups of five chapters. The first chapter is for the introduction to the germane(predicate) topic and the objectives of the study. Chapter two is the literature check up on for the determinants of undergraduates on contact in entrepreneurship and e-entrepreneurship. Follow by chapter three is the research methodology which included the theoretical fabric and the sampling method. While in the chapter four is the data abstract for the results and discussion. The last chapter of this research is the conclusion and the summary for this all t octo genarian study as well as the tribute and the bound to the research for further studies. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my leading(a) supervisor, Madam Rahayu binti Tasnim. Without her direction and advises, I believe it is hard to eject this research study. I would besides like to thank to my family and my friends who be gameing me all the ways. Their endless cargons and loves do support me all the way in completing this research.Chapter 1IntroductionOverviewIn this chapter, it is an introduction opus of the research. The introduction starts with the explanation of entrepreneurship and e-entrepreneurship among the undergraduates. Next, the problem statement and the research objectives will be discussed and the last part in this chapter is the significant of the study, oscilloscope of the study and the organization of the study.Entrepreneurship among undergraduatesThe individual or good deal who take in and grow the concern can fructify as entrepreneurs . The entrepreneur term is derived in French economics since 17th and 18th, and it has much significant meaning and rich history (Gregory, 2001). The word entrepreneur comes from the French word which means to undertake, and in the byplay perspective, entrepreneur means to start a transaction. According to Hebert and Link (1989), they say entrepreneur is someone who takes responsibleness in making judgmental finale on the use of resources to create a venture. The process of the entrepreneurs created and developed to make the pull ahead can define as entrepreneurship (Dabson, Brian and Marcoux, 2003).Different researchers do the different arc point in time of view toward the definition of entrepreneurship. Ucbasaran (2001) said that the term of entrepreneurship has no general reliable definition. OECD (1998) Praag (1999) Lumpkin and Dess (1996) Bull and Wilard (1993) support the argument of the term of entrepreneurship that does not go through the general accepted definiti on they argued the definition of entrepreneurship is largely depending on the research focus on which bea.In the Austrian or Schumpeterian economics, they define entrepreneurship as to gain the expectation profit by utilize the resources (Schumpeter 1934, Hayek 1945, Kirzner 1973, Casson 1982, Shane 2003). Entrepreneur can use the resources like funding advisory, low have-to doe with loan or government support to run their seam. Law and MacMillan (1998) define the entrepreneurship as the creation of vernal enterprise which means the entrepreneurial intention is the source of a soulfulness to start up their business. Entrepreneurship is too be as the process of an individual who is innovative and able to take the risk to create value (Sexton Kasarda, 1992).In Malaysia, the entrepreneurship development is growing steadily. Malaysia involves in entrepreneurship since the fifteenth light speed when the kingdom of malacca was the dish out centre due to its strategic geographe r place. Many traders from China, India, Portugal, and others are coming to Malacca and trade with other traders. There are some(prenominal) policies in Malaysia are supporting to the entrepreneurs, including funding, physical infrastructure and business advisory services. The government is endureing an important utilization in entrepreneurship development. There are many institutions are helping to develop entrepreneurship, for instances, Majlis Amanah Rakyat (MARA), is foc exploitation on entrepreneurship training, Ministry of Entrepreneur is coordinating all the matters regarding to the entrepreneurship, Bank Negara plays a bureau in financing, Small and Medium Industries learning Corporation (SMIDEC) responsible in coordinating the development of SMIs and others institutions.In the days of 90s, Malaysias government turns the economic strategy to industrialisation due to the shift in the government policies. The industrialization also names as privatization and Malaysia Inc orporated, which cultivate the development in entrepreneurship. The research of Howell and Palmer (1995) shows the equity ratio for Bumiputeras in 1971 had changed from 4 per cent to 18 per cent, and the equity ratio for non Bumiputeras, is from 34 percent in 1971 changed to 55 per cent. The data of the equity ratio of entrepreneurs shows the number of entrepreneurship in Malaysia has been change magnitude dramatically due to the transition to senior high-technology and the parvenue Development Policy (NDP) supercharged by the government which was targeted to achieve fully development by the year 2020. The NDP was the root sy straw of the k immediatelyledge-intensive and high technologies era into the entrepreneurial activities (Syahida Dr. Amran, 2005).In the foregoing times, the researchers view entrepreneurship is one of the important aspects toward the economic society. The purpose of entrepreneurship is to encourage large number to be boffo after they had started up th eir own business (Praag et al., 2000). There are many factors that can determine the success of an entrepreneur.In the table above, we will look at the summarized of the determinants of successful entrepreneurship, which swipe from the literature, taken from van Praag (1999). The table shows the determinants that stem from the classical views and also propose in the literature.In the recent times, entrepreneurial teaching method becomes more popular and welcome by the undergraduates in the tertiary studyal activity. Entrepreneurship education has to become an essential component to cultivate the potential entrepreneurs in the private and public higher learning institutions. Entrepreneurship education is the most effective way to press the transition of graduates toward the self-employment (Ismail et al., 2009). Hart and Harrison (1992) have done an investigation to the lamency of undergraduates in involvement to run their business in Northern Ireland, the research showed 47% of students were explicit the intention to run their own business. The result of the high percentage of students would like to run their business is because those undergraduates are considering ladder own business or self-employment as a locomote (Karr, 1985).Krugeger et al. (2000) said the entrepreneurial intent is very important because it is the primary predictor of future entrepreneurial behavior, so it is an essential issue in entrepreneurship research to investigate the factors to determine the entrepreneurial intent. Fishbein and Ajzen (1975) views plotted behavior as the key for pre-start up process and the behavioural intent is the immediate determinant of planned behavior. Although many researchers say the entrepreneurial intention is the important issue to entrepreneurship, Wang and Wong (2004) said there is only a particular(a) number on the studies about the square up factors for students entrepreneurial intention.EntrepreneurshipThe traditional entrepreneurs typic ally start their business in small capital, low value added, and it takes time to set up the business. The traditional entrepreneurs need to contribute capital, find a location, deal with suppliers, man power problems and others to complete their business set up. In the innovational day today, the technology was developed in advance the internet and study communication technologies (ICTs) are very common to the public. Technology helps an entrepreneur to save time and capital during pre-start up process in e-business, e-Entrepreneur do not need to find a location for their store, not need to hire many employees and others. The growing in technology makes the traditional entrepreneurs join into e-Entrepreneurship (Cheng Chang, 2004).Today, as we know that the e-entrepreneurship is more and more important and useful the evidence of e-entrepreneurship development can be seen from the successful entrepreneurs at western countries like united States. The successful examples of e-ent repreneurship in united States are Google.com, yahoo.com, amazon.com, eBay.com, YouTube, Face book and etc. Google.com is one of the successful stories about childlike adults who have the reading communication and technology (ICT) knowledge gets to involve in e-entrepreneurship (Eduardo, 2006).The internet is a powerful tool which can help the firm to solve the limitation on financial resources. Doing business online is much easier and cost saving if compare to traditional brick and mortal kind of business. Online business does not need so much man power to run the business, irrelevant the traditional business need to employ people like a cashier, promoter, storekeeper, cleaner, and so on. During the recent years, the electronic entropy technologies have change magnitudely supported the midland and external information and communication process in every industry sector. The internet is one of the advantages of technologies, helping the business development become more expert ness and effectiveness (Kollmann, 2006).According to Matlay (2004), he discussed the term e-entrepreneurship is the new companies establish their business in the Net saving. The Net Economy has a Direct influence in innovative business development which is based on the electronic information and communication cyberspace (e-ventures). The spread of information via the electronic data or the network is one of the factors to develop the offset of economic. If we compare 15th century and 20th century, the speed and usage of information via the network are sexual intercoursely high in the later century. The information society nowadays is characterized by the rigorous use of the information technologies and the changing from industrial to a knowledge society (Evans and Wurster, 1997). Kollmann (2006) pointed out that, the information industry sector is shifting from the traditional economic sectors like production sector service sector and kitchen-gardening sector. The expansion of electronic data networks and the festering of IT formed a new business dimension which calls as network thrift or Net Economy.The sign 1 shows the information technologies can let the people to obtain information more accessibility. Entrepreneurs use the advantages of the information technologies to involve in e-commerce or commercial purposes. It is a competitive advantage to an entrepreneur if he/she can obtain more knowledge and information in technological development. Successful e-entrepreneurs shall posse better information to the market and their customers (Weiber and Kollmann, 1998).Information technologies (IT) and networks are now fit the important aspect upon every industry and service sectors (Scott, 1995). Knowledge is one of the most strategic resources in the new economy, equals the traditional business to retrospect their traditional invests. Knowledge in IT takes advantage in dealing with new partnerships, innovation, social networks with customers, supplier s and help to detect the opportunities of new business in the future time (Malone and Laubacher, 1998). Bret and Champeaux (2000) said the cyber-entrepreneur mainly based on exploiting the networks by using the Internet technologies, intranets, and also the extranets.In the previous study done by the researchers, we can pick out the characteristics of technology based entrepreneurs or e-entrepreneurs. Personal characteristics such as age and experience can influence entrepreneurs to make a decision on creating and underdeveloped their businesses (Kisfalvi, 2003). Blais and Toulouse (1992) had done a research on the average age of e-entrepreneurs. They found out their age were rather two-year-old when they launch their business, which were around 30 years old. The five-year-old e-entrepreneurs are familiar with their skills and acquired extensive experience with the technology after they have graduated from a university, and they tend to launch their own business.Roure and Keeley (1990) discussed the entrepreneurs previous experience can become the advantages for them to success in new technology-based ventures. Compare with the traditional entrepreneurs, the e-entrepreneurs in internet base are younger and educated, especially in adept domains. The motivations of the entrepreneurs are potential for higher income, inherent desire to innovate, flexible working time and others (Colombo and Delmastro, 2001).Problem StatementIn the past time, Malaysian graduates seldom considered pickings entrepreneurship as their career choice, it is because entrepreneurship is still not so popular and the graduates do not have much interest on it. However, according to the Salleh (2002) research, he detect that in the recent time, the number of graduates who are associated with entrepreneurship has been increased, but the figure is still remaining low, which is lower than 0.4 %.The Malaysian government is encouraging graduates to involve in both entrepreneurship or e-entre preneurship under the knowledge Economy Master Plan in the year 2000. There are advantages for the graduates to take part in self-employment because entrepreneurship may promote creativity, innovation and create new job opportunities. There are also many successful examples of the involvement of young adults in entrepreneurship and e-entrepreneurship. One of the successful stories in e-entrepreneurship is the founder of chawbacon, Jerry Yang and his partner creates Yahoo after they were graduated from Stanford University. Pua-Khein-Seng, a Malaysian entrepreneur who is the founder of the USB cheapjack memory pen drive also starts up his business when he was young.Some undergraduates have their own ideas and requisite to start up their business after they finished their studies. They want to promote their products or services to the customers, but they can choose to promote in conventionally or in online business. Which type of business is easier and beneficial to the undergraduat es to choose for set up their own business? What are their preferences toward entrepreneurship and e-entrepreneurship?The government institutions are encouraging the undergraduate to be freelance(a). They want to know what are the factors or determinants of undergraduates to join entrepreneurship and e-entrepreneurship. What are the determinants of the undergraduate to involve in entrepreneurship and e-entrepreneurship? In the research later, we will find out which determinants affect the undergraduates to involve in entrepreneurship and e-entrepreneurship. seek ObjectivesThe General objective of this research is to see the preferences among the undergraduates toward Entrepreneurship and e-Entrepreneurship. Next, the research will determine the correlation of the independent variables and dependent variables which are the determinants to the involvement of the undergraduates to entrepreneurship and e-entrepreneurship.To identify the preferences of the undergraduates toward entrepr eneurship and e-entrepreneurshipTo determine the determinants of undergraduates to the involvement in entrepreneurship and e-entrepreneurship.Significant of studyEntrepreneurship and e-entrepreneurship play an important role in contributing to the nation economic result and crate job opportunities to the country. E-entrepreneurship is also becoming more popular and acceptable by the people, especially young adult in Malaysia.The Malaysian government has taken a great effort in developing the entrepreneurship. Malaysian government provides impose incentives, business advisory, funding resources, loan, and others to the entrepreneurs in every sector, especially in SMEs and Multimedia sectors. The purpose of the government to give incentives is to boost younger entrepreneurs.The importance of this study is to explore the preferences of the undergraduates toward entrepreneurship and e-entrepreneurship. Many researches are focusing in either entrepreneurship or e-entrepreneurship in t he separate way but in this research, we will focus to the preferences of the undergraduate towards on both entrepreneurship and e-entrepreneurship together.Next, this research will study about the determinants impact on the involvement of undergraduates in entrepreneurship and e-entrepreneurship. The determinants will affect each undergraduate to participate in entrepreneurship and e-entrepreneurship. We want to identify the importance of the determinants because it can be the relatively important guidelines or references to the government. The government can develop the suitable strategies and approaches after they identify the determinant for the undergraduates to involve in the sectors..Scope of studyThis study is conducted in Peninsular Malaysia. The respondent in this research is confine to the undergraduate students in Multimedia University, Malacca campus. Due to the time constraints, it is believed that the sample size of two hundred and fifty students is enough, the respo ndents are regardless to the age, gender, faculty, and major.The questionnaires will be distributed randomly to the respondents to obtain the primary data. The inessential data will be derived from the journals which obtained from the online database such as Emerald, Google scholar, Springer link and others online sources. The questionnaires will be knowing and tested before distribute to the respondents. The questionnaires will be collected from the respondent and able to obtain the information, alternatives, and opinions, which are related to the objectives in this study.Organization of studyThe organization of this study comprises five chapters. The first chapter is the introduction part which will explain the definition of the topic, entrepreneurship among the undergraduates and the e-entrepreneurship. Next, the problem statements, research objectives and the significant of the study will be discussed to give a brief explanation to the topic of this study. In the last part of this chapter will be included the scope of study and the organization of study.Chapter two starts with the literature polish on the young adults positioning to entrepreneurship and entrepreneurship education. Subsequently, the entrepreneurship in a modern network economy will also be reviewed. Then, follow by the literature review of the related variables to support this study. In this chapter, it includes all the related empirical studies, articles, journals, citation to strengthen on the topic.In chapter three, the research methodology is discussed. The research framework is designed to show the relationship among independent and dependent variables. Subsequently, the Hypothesis development, sampling plan, data collection method, questionnaires development, and data analysis methods are also discussed in this chapter.Chapter four is explaining the results of the data analysis by using the related chart, graph, bar and data. At the end of this chapter, this chapter will come out the discussion and interpretation of the data analysis regarding to the topic discussed.Chapter five is the conclusion and recommendation to this study. This chapter will conclude to the topic of this study and the recommendation to the findings. The limitations of this research will also discuss in this chapter.Chapter bothLITERATURE REVIEWIntroductionIn this literature review chapter, we will review to the previously done researches and journals. Young adults attitude to entrepreneurship and entrepreneurship education and the entrepreneurship in the modern network economy will be reviewed. Subsequently, is the literature review of all the variables, which are, knowledge and prior experience, government regulations and incentives, social network, availability of resources and the opportunity identification.Young adults attitude to entrepreneurship and entrepreneurship education.The changing nature of work suggests that young people may face the prospect of a portfolio career incl uding periods of paid employment, non work and self-employment, of which the latter implies greater scope of entrepreneurial drill (Roger and Martyn, 2000). Nowadays, there are plenty of young adults or graduates would like to start up their own business. They are self-employment and do not want to work under other peopleIn particular, the entrepreneur is an innovator who introduces new products and technologies. The notion of entrepreneurship is associated with creativity and imagination, self-determination, and the abilities to make judgmental decisions and co-ordinate resources (Roger and Martyn, 2000). Young adults have their own creativity and innovation to promote their own products. They would like to earn money by start up a business to promote their ideas. beginning and operating a new business involves considerable risk and effort to overcome obstacles. culture, (especially for tertiary education) and entrepreneurship are highly correlated (Frederick, 2007). Reynolds et al., (2001) and GEM reports showed the educational exploit accounted for 40 percent of the cross-national variation in the total rate of entrepreneurial activity. Entrepreneurship education has been driven especially by academics, business attracters, entrepreneurs themselves, and even the government officials are seeking the advantage in the globalised globe (Achleitner, 2006).The entrepreneurship education is very common and popular in the western countries such as United Kingdom and United States. Various UK governments have championed the concept of an enterprise culture (Roger and Martyn, 2000). The Kauffman Foundation research shows that 90 percent of master and doctoral degree-granting institutions in the United States now liberty chit entrepreneurship subjects, and in most cases, many courses and degree options (Cone, 2007).There is also a research of entrepreneurship education done by Assumption University (Thailand), NCGE Southeast Asian better half (2006), a study fo r the entrepreneurship education in South-East Asias higher education institutions (HEIs) there are Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam. The following is one of the charts of the studyThe chart shows that Higher Education Institutions (HEI) in Malaysia still in the previous stage of the entrepreneurship development. According to Myrah Currie (2006), the entrepreneurship curriculum is still underdeveloped and lacks standards. University of azimuth (2004) shows that entrepreneurship education enhances a graduate ability to create wealth.A graduate who has entrepreneurship education has a greater chance to be a success entrepreneur compare to those who do not. Fayolle et al. (2006) showed that entrepreneurship education can have positive effects depending on the students reason and the initial perspective. For example, Menzies Paradi (2003) found that among the 15-years group of engineering graduates, taking one or more courses in entrepreneurship was a laborious predictor, and they will be reached to top steering status in the later time. According to Lee Wong (2003), there is also a positive relationship exists between ones attitude towards entrepreneurial education and business start-up with the Anecdotal evidence, alumni and media reports to validate the relationship.There is research of An Eclectic Theory of Entrepreneurship (Ingrid et al., 2001) showed that the decision of an individual to become a self-employed focus on the personal factors, for instances, the psychological traits, globe education and other skills, the financial assets, family background and previous working experience (Praag et al., 1989). There are also findings for the determinants of the entrepreneurship such as profit opportunities and opportunities for entranceway and exit (Bosma et al., 1996). Macro perspectives are focused on the economic factors, like technological, economic, and cultural variables and also the government regulations (OECD, 1998 Noorderhave, et al. , 2001).Entrepreneurship in a modern network economyAccording to Nijkamp and Poot (2008), the conventional comparative advantage perspective on regions is not sufficient anymore to explain the relative economic performance of regions in a global economy. The participation of ICT networks, education systems, and business culture are also important factors of comparative advantage on economic performance.There is a new phenomenon in the modern economies where the emergence of interwoven global networks (Castells, 1996) allows the global interaction and communications. The global interaction and communication are a process through which market areas may obtain world-wide coverage, for instance, through the Internet.Entrepreneurship vs. e-Entrepreneurship, entrepreneurship consist on the process of creating something new and assuming the risks and rewards, in contrast, e-Entrepreneurship will consist on creating owner business activity on the internet in some characterized in order to s ell or able a service something only online, such as magazine subscription, cell phones, software, T-shirts, bags, shoes, and etc. (Eduardo, 2006).Educations, knowledge and prior experienceIn the recent decade, there is a growth in the educational programmes focusing in entrepreneurship. The growth of entrepreneurship education has increased the amount of entrepreneurs. Many entrepreneurship programs are helping students learn about how to start a business and how to run a business (Deborah et al., 2002). At the end of 20th century, entrepreneurship programs continued to growth and gain legitimacy within the world of academics, undergraduate students have had been increasing opportunities to study topics related to the entrepreneurial career track (Deborah, John Hovis, 2002).There is an investigation done to investigate the impact of education on the level of entrepreneurship of a country. The investigation is done in the different level of education in the country, for example, pr imary school, secondary school and tertiary school. Reynolds, Hay and Camp (1999) concluded that the big a country invested in education programs in the tertiary education, the higher is the rate of the new business or firms to be formed..Undergraduate students concerned in entrepreneurship are regardless of their declared subject of study. Students who study engineering and IT are also having the interested to start their own business, no matter they plan to practice a profession, become a leader in a corporation, return to a family business or work in government, students see the value in learning what is taught in entrepreneurship classes (Deborah, John Hovis, 2002). The entrepreneurship education they learn while in their tertiary education will enable them to be flexible and agile in their future workplace.Reynolds et al., (1999) said that there are several reasons why the education is important to the entrepreneurship. The first reason is the education provides individual w ith a sense of autonomy, emancipation and self confidence, the second is education makes self-awareness, the people are aware of their career choices and the third is education broadens the horizons of individuals. In summary, the education provides knowledge to the youngster to develop the entrepreneurial opportunities.Larry Penley, Dean of the college Business at Arizona State University, noted the move toward entrepreneurship across the curriculum in his address to the USASB-SBIDA conference in spring 2000. He notified that Universitys entrepreneurship programs will help to build a stronger small business sector compare to those small business owners who have little or no formal business education.A rapid growth of the new companies and the highly publicized dot.com phenomenon marked an important change in the economic environment in the beginning in mid 90s. The development of the technology such as internet has accelerated the internet-based business. The characters of interne t-based business are quick start-up and low overhead make self-employment await more accessible to increasing the total of American, including those who were not specifically trained in business (Deborah, John Hovis, 2002).Undergraduates are become more and more interested in learning about aspects of business start-up due to the successful example in the real business environment. For example, the two founders of Yahoo, Jerry Yang 26 years old and his friend, David Filo, 28 years were graduated from Stanford University of United State. They build or create Yahoo from their spare-time activity of responding to the persistent challenge to breakthrough in simplifying the use of internet. Yahoo began as a student hobby and evolved into a global brand that has changed the way people communicate with each other, find and access information and buy things. Today the Yahoo Inc. is a leading global internet communication, commerce and Media Company, which also provides online business and enterprise services to the users (Yahoo, 2009).Besides education is related to the intention to involve in entrepreneurship and E-entrepreneurship, the knowledge is also playing an important role in cultivating the Entrepreneurship and E-entrepreneurship. Braunerhjelm Lundblad (2007) pointed that knowledge is an externally factors for entrepreneurship. In the past times, the economic variables of knowledge, entreprEntrepreneurship and e-Entrepreneurship Preferences ResearchEntrepreneurship and e-Entrepreneurship Preferences ResearchABSTRACTIn Malaysia, the entrepreneurship development is growing steadily. The research of Howell and Palmer (1995) shows the equity ratio for Bumiputeras in 1971 had changed from 4 per cent to 18 per cent, and the equity ratio for non Bumiputeras, is from 34 percent in 1971 changed to 55 per cent. The traditional entrepreneurs typically start their business in small capital, low value added, and it takes time to set up the business. In the modern da y today, the technology was developed in advance the internet and information communication technologies (ICTs) are very common to the public. The growing in technology makes the traditional entrepreneurs join into e-Entrepreneurship. This research is a study on the preferences of the undergraduates toward entrepreneurship and e-entrepreneurship. This study can let us to have a better understanding about the choices of undergraduate in choosing to involve in entrepreneurship or e-entrepreneurship. Undergraduate students will use traditionally entrepreneurship way or the modern e-entrepreneurship way to promote their products or services. Subsequently, this research objective is to investigate the determinant of the undergraduates toward entrepreneurship and e-entrepreneurship. The independent variables of the determinants are education, prior knowledge, experience, government regulations and incentives, social network, availability of resources and opportunity identification. Questi onnaire will be distributed randomly to two hundred and fifty respondents and the data will be tested.PREFACEThis research study is the final project of my Bachelor of Degree in Multimedia University, Faculty of Business and Law. I spend much time and effort in completing this research, and it will be useful for the references of government and non-government institution as their references to view into the undergraduate entrepreneurial intention toward entrepreneurship and e-entrepreneurship. The topic of this research is the preferences of undergraduates toward entrepreneurship and e-entrepreneurship. In this research, the determinants of undergraduates to involve in entrepreneurship and e-entrepreneurship are also determined and investigated. The research consists of five chapters. The first chapter is for the introduction to the relevant topic and the objectives of the study. Chapter two is the literature review for the determinants of undergraduates on involvement in entreprene urship and e-entrepreneurship. Follow by chapter three is the research methodology which included the theoretical framework and the sampling method. While in the chapter four is the data analysis for the results and discussion. The last chapter of this research is the conclusion and the summary for this whole study as well as the recommendation and the limitation to the research for further studies. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my leading supervisor, Madam Rahayu binti Tasnim. Without her guidance and advises, I believe it is hard to complete this research study. I would also like to thank to my family and my friends who are supporting me all the ways. Their endless cares and loves do support me all the way in completing this research.Chapter 1IntroductionOverviewIn this chapter, it is an introduction part of the research. The introduction starts with the explanation of entrepreneurship and e-entrepreneurship among the undergraduates. Next, the problem statement a nd the research objectives will be discussed and the last part in this chapter is the significant of the study, scope of the study and the organization of the study.Entrepreneurship among undergraduatesThe individual or people who create and grow the business can define as entrepreneurs. The entrepreneur term is derived in French economics since 17th and 18th, and it has much significant meaning and rich history (Gregory, 2001). The word entrepreneur comes from the French word which means to undertake, and in the business perspective, entrepreneur means to start a business. According to Hebert and Link (1989), they say entrepreneur is someone who takes responsibility in making judgmental decision on the use of resources to create a venture. The process of the entrepreneurs created and developed to make the profit can define as entrepreneurship (Dabson, Brian and Marcoux, 2003).Different researchers have the different point of view toward the definition of entrepreneurship. Ucbasaran (2001) said that the term of entrepreneurship has no general accepted definition. OECD (1998) Praag (1999) Lumpkin and Dess (1996) Bull and Wilard (1993) support the argument of the term of entrepreneurship that does not have the general accepted definition they argued the definition of entrepreneurship is largely depending on the research focus on which area.In the Austrian or Schumpeterian economics, they define entrepreneurship as to gain the expectation profit by utilize the resources (Schumpeter 1934, Hayek 1945, Kirzner 1973, Casson 1982, Shane 2003). Entrepreneur can use the resources like funding advisory, low interest loan or government support to run their business. Law and MacMillan (1998) define the entrepreneurship as the creation of new enterprise which means the entrepreneurial intention is the source of a person to start up their business. Entrepreneurship is also defined as the process of an individual who is innovative and able to take the risk to create value (Se xton Kasarda, 1992).In Malaysia, the entrepreneurship development is growing steadily. Malaysia involves in entrepreneurship since the fifteenth century when the kingdom of Malacca was the trade centre due to its strategic geographer place. Many traders from China, India, Portugal, and others are coming to Malacca and trade with other traders. There are many policies in Malaysia are supporting to the entrepreneurs, including funding, physical infrastructure and business advisory services. The government is playing an important role in entrepreneurship development. There are many institutions are helping to develop entrepreneurship, for instances, Majlis Amanah Rakyat (MARA), is focusing on entrepreneurship training, Ministry of Entrepreneur is coordinating all the matters regarding to the entrepreneurship, Bank Negara plays a role in financing, Small and Medium Industries Development Corporation (SMIDEC) responsible in coordinating the development of SMIs and others institutions.In the years of 90s, Malaysias government turns the economic strategy to industrialization due to the shift in the government policies. The industrialization also names as privatization and Malaysia Incorporated, which cultivate the development in entrepreneurship. The research of Howell and Palmer (1995) shows the equity ratio for Bumiputeras in 1971 had changed from 4 per cent to 18 per cent, and the equity ratio for non Bumiputeras, is from 34 percent in 1971 changed to 55 per cent. The data of the equity ratio of entrepreneurs shows the number of entrepreneurship in Malaysia has been increasing dramatically due to the transition to high-technology and the New Development Policy (NDP) promoted by the government which was targeted to achieve fully development by the year 2020. The NDP was the beginning of the knowledge-intensive and high technologies era into the entrepreneurial activities (Syahida Dr. Amran, 2005).In the previous times, the researchers view entrepreneurship is one of the important aspects toward the economic society. The purpose of entrepreneurship is to encourage people to be successful after they had started up their own business (Praag et al., 2000). There are many factors that can determine the success of an entrepreneur.In the table above, we will look at the summarized of the determinants of successful entrepreneurship, which arise from the literature, taken from van Praag (1999). The table shows the determinants that stem from the classical views and also propose in the literature.In the recent times, entrepreneurial education becomes more popular and acceptable by the undergraduates in the tertiary education. Entrepreneurship education has to become an essential component to cultivate the potential entrepreneurs in the private and public higher learning institutions. Entrepreneurship education is the most effective way to promote the transition of graduates toward the self-employment (Ismail et al., 2009). Hart and Harrison (1992) ha ve done an investigation to the tendency of undergraduates in involvement to run their business in Northern Ireland, the research showed 47% of students were expressed the intention to run their own business. The result of the high percentage of students would like to run their business is because those undergraduates are considering running own business or self-employment as a career (Karr, 1985).Krugeger et al. (2000) said the entrepreneurial intent is very important because it is the primary predictor of future entrepreneurial behavior, so it is an essential issue in entrepreneurship research to investigate the factors to determine the entrepreneurial intent. Fishbein and Ajzen (1975) views planned behavior as the key for pre-start up process and the behavioral intent is the immediate determinant of planned behavior. Although many researchers say the entrepreneurial intention is the important issue to entrepreneurship, Wang and Wong (2004) said there is only a limited number on t he studies about the influence factors for students entrepreneurial intention.EntrepreneurshipThe traditional entrepreneurs typically start their business in small capital, low value added, and it takes time to set up the business. The traditional entrepreneurs need to raise capital, find a location, deal with suppliers, man power problems and others to complete their business set up. In the modern day today, the technology was developed in advance the internet and information communication technologies (ICTs) are very common to the public. Technology helps an entrepreneur to save time and capital during pre-start up process in e-business, e-Entrepreneur do not need to find a location for their store, not need to hire many employees and others. The growing in technology makes the traditional entrepreneurs join into e-Entrepreneurship (Cheng Chang, 2004).Today, as we know that the e-entrepreneurship is more and more important and useful the evidence of e-entrepreneurship development can be seen from the successful entrepreneurs at western countries like United States. The successful examples of e-entrepreneurship in United States are Google.com, yahoo.com, amazon.com, eBay.com, YouTube, Face book and etc. Google.com is one of the successful stories about young adults who have the information communication and technology (ICT) knowledge gets to involve in e-entrepreneurship (Eduardo, 2006).The internet is a powerful tool which can help the firm to solve the limitation on financial resources. Doing business online is much easier and cost saving if compare to traditional brick and mortal kind of business. Online business does not need so much man power to run the business, unlike the traditional business need to employ people like a cashier, promoter, storekeeper, cleaner, and so on. During the recent years, the electronic information technologies have increasingly supported the internal and external information and communication process in every industry sector. The internet is one of the advantages of technologies, helping the business development become more efficiency and effectiveness (Kollmann, 2006).According to Matlay (2004), he discussed the term e-entrepreneurship is the new companies establish their business in the Net Economy. The Net Economy has a Direct influence in innovative business development which is based on the electronic information and communication network (e-ventures). The spread of information via the electronic data or the network is one of the factors to develop the growth of economic. If we compare 15th century and 20th century, the speed and usage of information via the network are relatively high in the later century. The information society nowadays is characterized by the rigorous use of the information technologies and the changing from industrial to a knowledge society (Evans and Wurster, 1997). Kollmann (2006) pointed out that, the information industry sector is shifting from the traditional economic sec tors like production sector service sector and agriculture sector. The expansion of electronic data networks and the growth of IT formed a new business dimension which calls as network economy or Net Economy.The figure 1 shows the information technologies can let the people to obtain information more accessibility. Entrepreneurs use the advantages of the information technologies to involve in e-commerce or commercial purposes. It is a competitive advantage to an entrepreneur if he/she can obtain more knowledge and information in technological development. Successful e-entrepreneurs shall posse better information to the market and their customers (Weiber and Kollmann, 1998).Information technologies (IT) and networks are now becoming the important aspect upon every industry and service sectors (Scott, 1995). Knowledge is one of the most strategic resources in the new economy, affects the traditional business to review their traditional practices. Knowledge in IT takes advantage in dea ling with new partnerships, innovation, social networks with customers, suppliers and help to detect the opportunities of new business in the future time (Malone and Laubacher, 1998). Bret and Champeaux (2000) said the cyber-entrepreneur mainly based on exploiting the networks by using the Internet technologies, intranets, and also the extranets.In the previous study done by the researchers, we can identify the characteristics of technology based entrepreneurs or e-entrepreneurs. Personal characteristics such as age and experience can influence entrepreneurs to make a decision on creating and developing their businesses (Kisfalvi, 2003). Blais and Toulouse (1992) had done a research on the average age of e-entrepreneurs. They found out their age were rather young when they launch their business, which were around 30 years old. The young e-entrepreneurs are familiar with their skills and acquired extensive experience with the technology after they have graduated from a university, an d they tend to launch their own business.Roure and Keeley (1990) discussed the entrepreneurs previous experience can become the advantages for them to success in new technology-based ventures. Compare with the traditional entrepreneurs, the e-entrepreneurs in internet base are younger and educated, especially in technical domains. The motivations of the entrepreneurs are potential for higher income, inherent desire to innovate, flexible working time and others (Colombo and Delmastro, 2001).Problem StatementIn the past time, Malaysian graduates seldom considered taking entrepreneurship as their career choice, it is because entrepreneurship is still not so popular and the graduates do not have much interest on it. However, according to the Salleh (2002) research, he observed that in the recent time, the number of graduates who are associated with entrepreneurship has been increased, but the figure is still remaining low, which is lower than 0.4 %.The Malaysian government is encouragin g graduates to involve in either entrepreneurship or e-entrepreneurship under the knowledge Economy Master Plan in the year 2000. There are advantages for the graduates to take part in self-employment because entrepreneurship may promote creativity, innovation and create new job opportunities. There are also many successful examples of the involvement of young adults in entrepreneurship and e-entrepreneurship. One of the successful stories in e-entrepreneurship is the founder of Yahoo, Jerry Yang and his partner creates Yahoo after they were graduated from Stanford University. Pua-Khein-Seng, a Malaysian entrepreneur who is the founder of the USB flash memory pen drive also starts up his business when he was young.Some undergraduates have their own ideas and want to start up their business after they finished their studies. They want to promote their products or services to the customers, but they can choose to promote in conventionally or in online business. Which type of business is easier and beneficial to the undergraduates to choose for set up their own business? What are their preferences toward entrepreneurship and e-entrepreneurship?The government institutions are encouraging the undergraduate to be self-employed. They want to know what are the factors or determinants of undergraduates to join entrepreneurship and e-entrepreneurship. What are the determinants of the undergraduate to involve in entrepreneurship and e-entrepreneurship? In the research later, we will find out which determinants affect the undergraduates to involve in entrepreneurship and e-entrepreneurship.Research ObjectivesThe General objective of this research is to identify the preferences among the undergraduates toward Entrepreneurship and e-Entrepreneurship. Next, the research will determine the correlation of the independent variables and dependent variables which are the determinants to the involvement of the undergraduates to entrepreneurship and e-entrepreneurship.To identify t he preferences of the undergraduates toward entrepreneurship and e-entrepreneurshipTo determine the determinants of undergraduates to the involvement in entrepreneurship and e-entrepreneurship.Significant of studyEntrepreneurship and e-entrepreneurship play an important role in contributing to the nation economic growth and crate job opportunities to the country. E-entrepreneurship is also becoming more popular and acceptable by the people, especially young adult in Malaysia.The Malaysian government has taken a great effort in developing the entrepreneurship. Malaysian government provides tax incentives, business advisory, funding resources, loan, and others to the entrepreneurs in every sector, especially in SMEs and Multimedia sectors. The purpose of the government to give incentives is to foster younger entrepreneurs.The importance of this study is to explore the preferences of the undergraduates toward entrepreneurship and e-entrepreneurship. Many researches are focusing in eith er entrepreneurship or e-entrepreneurship in the separate way but in this research, we will focus to the preferences of the undergraduate towards on both entrepreneurship and e-entrepreneurship together.Next, this research will study about the determinants impact on the involvement of undergraduates in entrepreneurship and e-entrepreneurship. The determinants will affect each undergraduate to participate in entrepreneurship and e-entrepreneurship. We want to identify the importance of the determinants because it can be the relatively important guidelines or references to the government. The government can develop the suitable strategies and approaches after they identify the determinant for the undergraduates to involve in the sectors..Scope of studyThis study is conducted in Peninsular Malaysia. The respondent in this research is restricted to the undergraduate students in Multimedia University, Malacca campus. Due to the time constraints, it is believed that the sample size of two hundred and fifty students is enough, the respondents are regardless to the age, gender, faculty, and major.The questionnaires will be distributed randomly to the respondents to obtain the primary data. The secondary data will be derived from the journals which obtained from the online database such as Emerald, Google scholar, Springer link and others online sources. The questionnaires will be designed and tested before distribute to the respondents. The questionnaires will be collected from the respondent and able to obtain the information, alternatives, and opinions, which are related to the objectives in this study.Organization of studyThe organization of this study comprises five chapters. The first chapter is the introduction part which will explain the definition of the topic, entrepreneurship among the undergraduates and the e-entrepreneurship. Next, the problem statements, research objectives and the significant of the study will be discussed to give a brief explanation to the topic of this study. In the last part of this chapter will be included the scope of study and the organization of study.Chapter two starts with the literature review on the young adults attitude to entrepreneurship and entrepreneurship education. Subsequently, the entrepreneurship in a modern network economy will also be reviewed. Then, follow by the literature review of the related variables to support this study. In this chapter, it includes all the related empirical studies, articles, journals, citation to strengthen on the topic.In chapter three, the research methodology is discussed. The research framework is designed to show the relationship between independent and dependent variables. Subsequently, the Hypothesis development, sampling plan, data collection method, questionnaires development, and data analysis methods are also discussed in this chapter.Chapter four is explaining the results of the data analysis by using the related chart, graph, bar and data. At the end of this chapter, this chapter will come out the discussion and interpretation of the data analysis regarding to the topic discussed.Chapter five is the conclusion and recommendation to this study. This chapter will conclude to the topic of this study and the recommendation to the findings. The limitations of this research will also discuss in this chapter.Chapter TwoLITERATURE REVIEWIntroductionIn this literature review chapter, we will review to the previously done researches and journals. Young adults attitude to entrepreneurship and entrepreneurship education and the entrepreneurship in the modern network economy will be reviewed. Subsequently, is the literature review of all the variables, which are, knowledge and prior experience, government regulations and incentives, social network, availability of resources and the opportunity identification.Young adults attitude to entrepreneurship and entrepreneurship education.The changing nature of work suggests that young people may face the prospect of a portfolio career including periods of paid employment, non work and self-employment, of which the latter implies greater scope of entrepreneurial activity (Roger and Martyn, 2000). Nowadays, there are plenty of young adults or graduates would like to start up their own business. They are self-employment and do not want to work under other peopleIn particular, the entrepreneur is an innovator who introduces new products and technologies. The notion of entrepreneurship is associated with creativity and imagination, self-determination, and the abilities to make judgmental decisions and co-ordinate resources (Roger and Martyn, 2000). Young adults have their own creativity and innovation to promote their own products. They would like to earn money by start up a business to promote their ideas.Starting and operating a new business involves considerable risk and effort to overcome obstacles. Education, (especially for tertiary education) and entrepreneurship are highly co rrelated (Frederick, 2007). Reynolds et al., (2001) and GEM reports showed the educational achievement accounted for 40 percent of the cross-national variation in the total rate of entrepreneurial activity. Entrepreneurship education has been driven especially by academics, business leaders, entrepreneurs themselves, and even the government officials are seeking the advantage in the globalised world (Achleitner, 2006).The entrepreneurship education is very common and popular in the western countries such as United Kingdom and United States. Various UK governments have championed the concept of an enterprise culture (Roger and Martyn, 2000). The Kauffman Foundation research shows that 90 percent of master and doctoral degree-granting institutions in the United States now offer entrepreneurship subjects, and in most cases, many courses and degree options (Cone, 2007).There is also a research of entrepreneurship education done by Assumption University (Thailand), NCGE Southeast Asian P artner (2006), a study for the entrepreneurship education in South-East Asias higher education institutions (HEIs) there are Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam. The following is one of the charts of the studyThe chart shows that Higher Education Institutions (HEI) in Malaysia still in the preliminary stage of the entrepreneurship development. According to Myrah Currie (2006), the entrepreneurship curriculum is still underdeveloped and lacks standards. University of Arizona (2004) shows that entrepreneurship education enhances a graduate ability to create wealth.A graduate who has entrepreneurship education has a greater chance to be a success entrepreneur compare to those who do not. Fayolle et al. (2006) showed that entrepreneurship education can have positive effects depending on the students background and the initial perspective. For example, Menzies Paradi (2003) found that among the 15-years group of engineering graduates, taking one or more courses in entrepreneurshi p was a strong predictor, and they will be reached to top management status in the later time. According to Lee Wong (2003), there is also a positive relationship exists between ones attitude towards entrepreneurial education and business start-up with the Anecdotal evidence, alumni and media reports to validate the relationship.There is research of An Eclectic Theory of Entrepreneurship (Ingrid et al., 2001) showed that the decision of an individual to become a self-employed focus on the personal factors, for instances, the psychological traits, formal education and other skills, the financial assets, family background and previous working experience (Praag et al., 1989). There are also findings for the determinants of the entrepreneurship such as profit opportunities and opportunities for entry and exit (Bosma et al., 1996). Macro perspectives are focused on the economic factors, like technological, economic, and cultural variables and also the government regulations (OECD, 1998 Noorderhave, et al., 2001).Entrepreneurship in a modern network economyAccording to Nijkamp and Poot (2008), the conventional comparative advantage perspective on regions is not sufficient anymore to explain the relative economic performance of regions in a global economy. The participation of ICT networks, education systems, and business culture are also important factors of comparative advantage on economic performance.There is a new phenomenon in the modern economies where the emergence of interwoven global networks (Castells, 1996) allows the global interaction and communications. The global interaction and communication are a process through which market areas may obtain world-wide coverage, for instance, through the Internet.Entrepreneurship vs. e-Entrepreneurship, entrepreneurship consist on the process of creating something new and assuming the risks and rewards, in contrast, e-Entrepreneurship will consist on creating owner business activity on the internet in some charact erized in order to sell or able a service something only online, such as magazine subscription, cell phones, software, T-shirts, bags, shoes, and etc. (Eduardo, 2006).Educations, knowledge and prior experienceIn the recent decade, there is a growth in the educational programmes focusing in entrepreneurship. The growth of entrepreneurship education has increased the amount of entrepreneurs. Many entrepreneurship programs are helping students learn about how to start a business and how to run a business (Deborah et al., 2002). At the end of 20th century, entrepreneurship programs continued to growth and gain legitimacy within the world of academics, undergraduate students have had been increasing opportunities to study topics related to the entrepreneurial career track (Deborah, John Hovis, 2002).There is an investigation done to investigate the impact of education on the level of entrepreneurship of a country. The investigation is done in the different level of education in the coun try, for example, primary school, secondary school and tertiary school. Reynolds, Hay and Camp (1999) concluded that the larger a country invested in education programs in the tertiary education, the higher is the rate of the new business or firms to be formed..Undergraduate students interested in entrepreneurship are regardless of their declared field of study. Students who study engineering and IT are also having the interested to start their own business, no matter they plan to practice a profession, become a leader in a corporation, return to a family business or work in government, students see the value in learning what is taught in entrepreneurship classes (Deborah, John Hovis, 2002). The entrepreneurship education they learn while in their tertiary education will enable them to be flexible and agile in their future workplace.Reynolds et al., (1999) said that there are several reasons why the education is important to the entrepreneurship. The first reason is the education p rovides individual with a sense of autonomy, independence and self confidence, the second is education makes self-awareness, the people are aware of their career choices and the third is education broadens the horizons of individuals. In summary, the education provides knowledge to the youngster to develop the entrepreneurial opportunities.Larry Penley, Dean of the college Business at Arizona State University, noted the move toward entrepreneurship across the curriculum in his address to the USASB-SBIDA conference in spring 2000. He notified that Universitys entrepreneurship programs will help to build a stronger small business sector compare to those small business owners who have little or no formal business education.A rapid growth of the new companies and the highly publicized dot.com phenomenon marked an important change in the economic environment in the beginning in mid 90s. The development of the technology such as internet has accelerated the internet-based business. The ch aracters of internet-based business are quick start-up and low overhead make self-employment appear more accessible to increasing the numbers of American, including those who were not specifically trained in business (Deborah, John Hovis, 2002).Undergraduates are become more and more interested in learning about aspects of business start-up due to the successful example in the real business environment. For example, the two founders of Yahoo, Jerry Yang 26 years old and his friend, David Filo, 28 years were graduated from Stanford University of United State. They build or create Yahoo from their hobby of responding to the persistent challenge to breakthrough in simplifying the use of internet. Yahoo began as a student hobby and evolved into a global brand that has changed the way people communicate with each other, find and access information and purchase things. Today the Yahoo Inc. is a leading global internet communication, commerce and Media Company, which also provides online business and enterprise services to the users (Yahoo, 2009).Besides education is related to the intention to involve in entrepreneurship and E-entrepreneurship, the knowledge is also playing an important role in cultivating the Entrepreneurship and E-entrepreneurship. Braunerhjelm Lundblad (2007) pointed that knowledge is an externally factors for entrepreneurship. In the past times, the economic variables of knowledge, entrepr

Business strategy of Pakistani Ice cream company

Business strategy of Pakistani sparkler cream corporationEstablished in Pakistan, crosspatch age Ltd. Company established manufacturing and selling grump cream shop. This project will go through significant implications in the situation today and the cumulative saddle of the disease among youth and adults because of change magnitude intake of round and sugar because of the cumulative satisfactory corruption in field glass cream and juice.Making all kinds of ice cream production will be done on site and then be transported to a salon that was established in the heart of the city. fruitcake date Ltd. entering the UK marketplace place with the aim to launch products as customers needs in English.The company will fol scummy the approach of the strategic position of the marking market. scratch climb on Ltd. have been deposited into the account of income and behavioral factors while designing a product for UK customers. It is important for companies to recognize the behav ior of customers before entry into much(prenominal) markets.Business strategyOur business strategy will include the determination of the nigh lucrative product markets in a period of time to variant himself a reinvigorated product in this segment. The most important factor for the success of the glassful Age Ltd Brand is perception and how far can shape a positive image in the judgements of customers. The concentration of the business environment, continuing competitive advantage of quality products will stick out powerful support for create the market.Important for us to adopt a polar strategy for the Indian market because of high customer who will buy them both for their families. So, we will get in several sweet strategies to build ourselves up in the Indian market and develop a slopped customer baseThe Model used for preparing the merchandising strategy by Ice Age Ltd.. in the UK MarketProduct RangeExternal summaryCompetitors analytic thinkingInternal AnalysisEnvi ronment AnalysisMarketing StrategiesFuture PlansConclusionThe first involves the growth vector will get a market-penetration with subsisting products Ice Age Ltd will strive to pull customers from competitors through strategic positioning and will build a strong sign equity.The growth vector will involve the expansion of the product during his quench in the market today. Ice Age Ltd and will be offering a new product. This will be addressed not only to existing markets but also for the price conscious segment.The third growth vector will per recoil the same product to new markets.The fourth is the growth vector for the diversification into new product markets. We will focus on the growth of both vector and study strategies related to the Ice Cream markets.Internal AnalysisAccording to recent studies, most of the newly launched products or services fail because of incorrect analysis of internal and external destinys. States should be the most returnive and good management of all internal problems and needs. Because the internal analysis so use full life cycle and the price really depends on the analysis, the Ice Age Ltd. has taken appropriate and effective to fully analyze all the requirements and conditions of the company.During internal analysis the promoter should take care of the following thingsRaw material requirementPower supplyLabour requirementWorking forceCapitalWorking capitalInternal rules and regulationsProper managementProper material interventionExternal AnalysisCustomer AnalysisUK market with a broad size and demand base offers great opportunities for marketers. Two-thirds of the country the customer lives in folksy areas and nearly half of national income is generated here. Only natural that rural markets are an integral part of the total UK market despite the Pakistani market increased dramatically.Rural Bazar booming beyond expectation of all people. This was mainly credited to the surge in the buying capacity of farmers are now enj oying the effect of increasing surplus of agricultural products. In addition, the induction is expected to be Rs 140 billion in the rural sector through the governments rural festering schemes in the Seventh Plan and about Rs 300 billion during the Eighth Plan is also believed to have contributed to the rapid growth of demand. High income coupled with low cost of living in rural communities means more than money to spend. And the market provides those choices, changing trends and tastes well.Be Ice Age Ltd. has decided to penetrate this market with the basic idea of pressing the middle class that has established itself as a market for big knocks in the perception of many national and transnational players then try to forage into the Indian market.Competitors AnalysisNEED OF COMPARISIONCustomer MindsetCustomer loyalty has al dashs had a different status for different brands. Sometimes they buy a few signs for the price or sometimes because of the features. Learn the customer mindse t is truly important as the level of sensory faculty of individual purchases of different brands of unpredictable and always changing.MarketThe market share of players in the automotive market, two wheels have to be studied to determine which company in the booming and companies which are in the process of closing. Also sharing in advertising and promotion should be studied. Thus, the market helps us to know the menstruum market leaders and followers of the market so we can develop efficient marketing strategies for various products after(prenominal) analyzing the current position of market players. prepare AnalysisSWOT analysis of Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats and his opponent a glimpse of the companys products. Should be compared to obtain the overall analysis of all major companies and to identify companies with go against strength, more opportunities and on the former(a) hand the company has more than weaknesses and threatsThe above diagram represents the sales of the famous Ice Cream parlors in UK and their sales before Ice Age entered the marketThis diagram represents the sales pattern of all the Ice Cream parlors in UK including Ice Age Ice Cream Parlor after one year from the launch of Ice Age Ltd (Estimated)Environment AnalysisHigh initial cost of launchingCosts associated with the launch of a new business or innovation in existing businesses. thither are front ends large investments made in new products, including the cost of product development, market research, marketing and the most important test launching. To create awareness and develop brand new franchise to require very large initial ingestion required in the advertising launch, examples of vindicate and promotional products. Launch costs as high as 50-100% of revenues in the first year and progressively fell this cost as a sign of maturity, gain customer acceptance and revenue rose. For signs of sustained production of ads varies from 5 12% depending on the catego ry. It is common to now and again drive by re-launching, which involves repositioning the mark with a substantial marketing support.Market researchCustomers purchasing decisions based on the perception of the sign. They also outride to change with fashion, income and lifestyle changes. Unlike industrial products, it is difficult to differentiate products based on technical or functional reasons. With increasing disputation, companies spend large amounts on the number of product launches. Market research and test marketing the inevitable. Business is located on two aspects of brand equity and distribution network.Marketing controlIn congress terms, the marketing function has a greater interest in the Ice Cream. The players need to reach the mass population and compete with former(a) brands. The difference is felt more than a real difference in the product.Brand equityBrand equity refers to intangible assets in the form of brand names. customer loyalty to particular brands is due to the perception that the product has a distinctively superior quality and consistent, satisfying his / her picky needs and provide better value for money than other competitor brands. A sign of success to produce strong cash flow that allows brand owners to reinvest some of it in the form of aggressive advertising and promotion to strengthen the perceived benefits of the sign. The value of a mark created in customer demand at a particular denotation or willingness to pay premium prices for signs of selection.Distribution networkIn this sector, one of the most significant success factor is the ability to build, develop, and maintain a strong distribution network. The availability of near customers is very important for the wider penetration of the product largely of high-value products. It took a very big effort to build a arrange of stockists, retailers, distributors, etc., and build loyalty. There are entry barriers for new entrants as new products are usually slow moving and has a lower customer demand. thus dealers / retailers are reluctant to allocate resources and time. Established players use their power to block new entrants. However, when the product offers a powerful innovation, build equity faster as well as distribution networks.The main problem encountered while marketing in the UK marketa. The people retreated and left behind Market radical population in poverty has not diminished in any way sufficient. So people are backward and backward until the market by and large the UK market characteristics.b. Many languages and dialectsNumber of languages and dialects vary from country to country, region to region and from district to district as possible. The messages must be delivered in local anesthetic languages and dialects. Although the number of languages that are only 16, which is estimated at around 850 dialects.c. Spreading false signs and seasonal demand For every product there are many brands local alteration, which is cheaper, and, th erefore, is required for the masses.d. Different way of thinking There is a big difference in peoples lifestyles. Brand choices that customers enjoy a different city from the choices gettable to rural customers. Rural customers usually have 2 or 3 signs to choose from, while the city has multiple choices. The difference is also in the way of thinking. Rural customers have a simple enough idea, compared with urban partners.Marketing StrategiesThe concept is to make a product different from competitors, or they. When we look at UK ice cream market, we see that the leader continues Naturals Maintained market leadership by continuously differentiate on the basis of a new taste.And comes with a connection in parallel with regular frequency. The only alternative for the Ice Age Ltd to survive in this industry is to differentiate itself. This eminence could be on the basis of the marketing mix. (Product, Price, Promotion, Place) Thus, according to different factors of marketing mix four different strategies are made to develop the market in risk in the UK.Target MarketIce Age Ice Cream Health lounge offers a variety of sugar free ice cream and fat free. Ice cream made with special attention to health conscious people and young people and those suffering from diseases such as diabetes.Ice Age is an exhibition of ice cream that health is the highest of the middle class and wealthy classes of society.For various special flavor and sugar free and fat-free is the Ice Age of Ice more popular among people concerned about health and fitness.Ice Age targets markets where people are willing to buy junk sustenance for healthy appetite and the fact that the Ice Age ice-free completely free of fat and sugar to taste the same original.Ice Age and Ice is a market where people from the age of 1 year to 80 years can enjoy their favorite ice cream, bearing in mind those who are health conscious, diabetics, young, etc.SegmentationSegmentation variablesSeveral variables distinguish clients who prefer a variety of Desserts, such as frequency of consumption, price esthesia, the relative importance of calories vs. taste, taking advantage (at home, at work, at a social event, for recreation or in a restaurant), and the size of the required to serve. Two of the most important variable is the price sensitivity and tradeoff might taste-calorie.The reason that the price sensitivity is very important is that some customers will pay high prices for high quality products. Therefore, someone may be able to make great margins selling into that market. On the other hand, there is a large market that will not buy desserts that price is too high, so some manufacturers will destiny to provide a frozen(p) dessert, the price may be somewhat sacrificed quality. Customers now tend to be more health conscious, and therefore many will want to restrict the number of calories they consume desserts. On the other hand, the desserts are consumed for pleasure, and other customers do n ot want to sacrifice taste provided by a calorie-rich desserts. There are also certain people who have a high metabolism or engaged in heavy activity, leaving them with little to bear on about weight. Frequent or heavy consumers of frozen desserts will target large, but this group is not easily identified and reached, the customer is not presumable to have different media habits or to certain shops often, for example. portion size preference is an important issue, but is aimed at a few things by the price sensitivity.The concept is to make the product different from those of its competitor. When we look at the UK Ice Cream market we see that the leaders naturals have constantly maintained its market leadership by constantly differentiating on the basis of new flavors.And coming up with line extensions with regular frequency. The only alternative for Ice Age Ltd. to survive in this industry will be to distinguish itself. This differentiation could be on the basis of the marketing mix. (Product, Price, Promotion, Place) Thus, as per the different factors of marketing mix 4 Different strategies are made to market in the development metropolis in UK.Target MarketIce Age the healthy ice cream parlor offers a broad range of sugar free and fat free ice creams. The ice creams are specially made keeping in mind all the health conscious people as well as youth and people who suffer from disease like diabetes.Ice Age is a healthy ice cream parlor which targets the high middle class and rich class of the society.Due to the variety of flavors and the specialty of being sugar free and fat free makes the Ice Age Ice Creams more popular among the fitness and health conscious people.Ice Age targets the market where people are ready to buy healthy junk intellectual nourishment due to their taste buds and the fact that Ice Age Ice Creams are completely fat free and sugar free with the same original taste. thereof Ice Age Ice Creams targets the market where people from ag e group 1 year to 80 years can enjoy their favorite ice cream keeping in mind health conscious people, diabetic people, young people, etcSegmentationSegmentation variablesSeveral variables distinguish clients who prefer a variety of Desserts, such as frequency of consumption, price sensitivity, the relative importance of calories vs. taste, taking advantage (at home, at work, at a social event, for recreation or in a restaurant), and the size of the required to serve. Two of the most important variable is the price sensitivity and tradeoff might taste-calorie.The reason that the price sensitivity is very important is that some customers will pay higher prices for high quality products. Therefore, someone may be able to make great margins selling into that market. On the other hand, there is a large market that will not buy desserts that price is too high, so some manufacturers will want to provide a frozen dessert, the price may be somewhat sacrificed quality. Customers now tend to be more health conscious, and therefore many will want to restrict the number of calories they consume desserts. On the other hand, the desserts are consumed for pleasure, and other customers do not want to sacrifice taste provided by a calorie-rich desserts. There are also certain people who have a high metabolism or engaged in heavy activity, leaving them with little to worry about weight. Frequent or heavy consumers of frozen desserts will target large, but this group is not easily identified and reached, the customer is not likely to have different media habits or to certain shops often, for example. Serving size preference is an important issue, but is aimed at a few things by the price sensitivityS.W.O.T AnalysisStrengthsLess fixed cost requiredHealthyNo side effectsLess consumption of sugarLess consumption of fatsReduces chances of illness like diabetesUseful for health conscious peopleTasty with healthVarietyEco-friendlyWeaknessesSlightly high in price due to use of special productsOpportunitiesIntroduction of new flavorsEasy in achieving break even pointPrices can be reduced in short runThreatsLot of competition from existing Ice Cream parlors offering sugar free ice creams

Loves Labours Lost Essay -- Plays Shakespeare Papers

Loves Labours Lost The Elizabethans thought of it merely as a wittie and pleasant comedie Samuel Johnson remarked that all the editors have concurred to censure it and William Hazlitt opined, If we were to part with both of the authors comedies, it should be this. It was not until well into the twentieth century that Loves Labours Lost really came into its own, and this fact alone may be enough to make a facial expression for it as Shakespeares most forward-looking satisfy. It is its stopping point in particular, an unexpectedly grim conclusion in which nothing is actually concluded, that has appealed to modern sensibilities and made Loves Labours Lost the Shakespeare play for the twentieth century. Trevor Nunn makes this point emphatically in a recent National Theatre production that presents Loves Labours Lost as a tale of societys passage verboten of the nineteenth century in the devastation of World War I. Though neither this idea nor any other aspect of his production is entirely novel, it emerges as possibly the darkest interpretation of the play yet presented, taking the disturbing qualities that have so delighted modern audiences and pressing them to their limits and beyond. Reading the play now, it seems hard to imagine that the un popularness of the ending could have gone apparently unnoticed for so long. With the stage set for the usual comedic ending of multiple marriages, the news of the Princesss fathers death comes as a complete shock Marcad enters at a moment of such carefree mirth that the Princess playfully chides him, thou interruptest our merriment (5.2.712). A moment later, his news is told and the melody of the play has noticeably changed, as Berowne himself acknowledges when he says, The scene begin... ...ns. Ultimately, Nunn succeeds in making his dark vision of Loves Labours Lost convincing, and in using the play to make the usual points (the fleeting nature of happiness and happy endings, the necessity of confronting difficul t realities, the inevitability of death) with exceptional force. But these triumphs come at the price of two priceless aspects of Shakespeares ending its unanticipated overthrow of audience expectations and its startlingly modern open-endedness. BibliographyGilbert, Miriam. Loves Labours Lost. Shakespeare in Performance Series. Manchester and New York Manchester University Press, 1993.Holland, Peter. English Shakespeares. Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 1997.Peter, John. Growing Pains, Sunday Times, Feb. 2003, p. 19.Woudhuysen, H. R., ed. Loves Labours Lost. 3rd series. London The Arden Shakespeare, 1998.

Varying Attitudes Toward Death in the Masque of the Red Death Essay

Varying Attitudes Toward close in the Masque of the Red Death Since the day of my birth, my death began its walk. It is walking toward me, without hurrying. Edgar Allen Poe provides us symbolically with the reaction of opus to the pursuance of death that Jean Cocteau described before, in his gothic short story, The Masque of the Red Death. Prince Prospero symbolizes the optimist who seeks to avoid death. The Masqueraders represent the pessimist-the carefree who seek to forget just about death. The Masked Red Death is the ultimate realization and enlightenment of deaths power over all-the realist view. Poes work symbolically demonstrates the attitudes of man through Prince Prospero, the Masqueraders, and the Masked Red Death. Prince Prospero symbolizes the optimist who is recalcitrant and furious. Prospero believes that death can be evaded if not escaped entirely. Prospero seeks to protect himself from the red death, a disease that has ravaged his kingdom. He does t his by taking a gigabyte of his friends, with whom he retires to the deep seclusion of one of his castellated abbeys (Poe 176). However he does more than try to dodge or hide from deaths powers. Prospero has his courtiers take hammers and furnaces to weld the bolts except so to leave no ingress or egress, effectively he barricades himself taking faith the physical barriers of man can somehow defeat the non-corporeal entity. fleck the pestilence rages outside the princes secure shelter, Prospero arranges that a masquerade or ball take place. He and his revelers take part in jovial and pleasant activities during a time when hundreds are suffering. Whats more is that he has his party be waltzers (Poe 177). Such a dance involves t... ...to death in the masqueraders one can see the ternary attitude toward death, one of understanding and acceptance because the ignorance that shrouded their eyes has been removed. With understanding which comes when one becomes closer to de ath one may adopt the third attitude which Bhagavad Gita has, Death is as sure for that which is born, as birth is for that which is dead. Therefore grieve not for what is inevitable. Sources Consulted Cassuto, Leonard. The Coy Reaper Unmasque-ing the Red Death. Stud Short Fiction, 25(1988) 317-320. Poe, Edgar Allan. Tales of Mystery and image Norwalk Heritage P.,1969. 317-322. Starret, Vincent. Tales of Mystery and Imagination. Norwalk Heritage P., 1969. Intro. Wheat, Patricia H. The Masque of Indifference in The Masque of Red Death. Stud Short Fiction, 19(1982), 51-56.