Critical Response of Herzl and Pinsker Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Critical Response of Herzl and Pinsker - Essay Example He wanted a Jewish state for the Jews, as if it fell into the very same category. Indeed, the secular approach he championed cleared his ideals of any religious fervor, and left the idea of the Jewish people as something that could only be equated with race and ethnicity. Race also played an important role for Herzl because it defined who the Jews were not. A prime example of this is in the Dreyfus affair, which Herzl does not specifically mention but depends upon because of its historical importance to his audience. Dreyfus was an example of anti-semitism, which Herzl explained was a result of a variety of situations—these being assimilation, success of Jews, and other interactions with Western society. Herzl believed that there was no hope for Jewish assimilation, and this may have contributed to the importance of race in his thinking. Because assimilation was such a problem, race was not just an important factor for Jews, but also was important for non-Jews. The fact that J ews had trouble assimilating into French society, for example, showed that the French race was distinguished from the Jews and thus the religious group was not part of the French racial group. This led to the conclusion that the Jewish people were like a race, separate from European races. Without this establishment of the Jewish people as being racially excluded in Europe, it would be difficult to link the group with Jewish nationalist ideology. After establishing this difference, Herzl could then go on to develop Zionism as a specific nationalistic ideology that exclusively applies to Jews, yet has the same framework as other nationalistic movements that are based off of race and blood. Thus, with no use of religion or language to classify the Jews as a people and a minority, Herzl was left with the concept of race in order to define Jews and bring them together toward a nationalist agenda. In Herzl's writings, the idea of awakening from a sleep as pointed by Anderson in European nationalism is also present in Jewish nationalism. Herzl refers to the history of the Jewish people, and especially stresses that they have a history of weakness which is used a survival strategy. Herzl and Pinsker both discuss the history of the Jewish people, from ancient times to modern times, as one of expulsion and mistreatment. However, these recounts of Jewish history are seen as a point of contrast with what is happening in the modern era, beginning with the hope of Jewish emancipation in Western Europe. The French Revolution, while a great awakening for the Enlightenment movement and for the French people, also showed an example of the Jewish people awakening from not so much a great sleep but a great captivity where they were denied equal status under any governments. Later recognition of their equal status under other states seemed to point to the dawn of a new age. The development of the Jewish state as a solution to the problem of Jewish assimilation and discrimination ushered in a new atmosphere, where Jewish thought suddenly experienced the same sentiment that Anderson mentions. The Jews of Europe underwent an awakening from a deep sleep in their own sense as they began to understand the reason for all their woes and as they began to envision a solution that would bring them out of Europe and into a new land. As Herzl believed that the Jews must be a majority in their own land to finally be emancipated,

The Effects of Price Fixing in the Industrial Thread Industry Research Paper

The Effects of Price Fixing in the Industrial Thread Industry - Research Paper Example Industrial thread is a very important product regarding its use in various other sectors. It is used to â€Å"sew or embroider various products such as clothes, home furnishings, automotive seats and seatbelts, leather goods, mattresses, footwear, ropes, etc.† (â€Å"Commission fines nine companies a total of â‚ ¬ 43.5 million for participating in industrial thread cartels†, 2006, p.1) The 6 billion Euro worth of market world wide even back in 2005 depicts its importance. The commission identified three cartels operating within the system; two of them belonging to industrial thread. The two industrial thread cartels were i) â€Å"a cartel on the market in thread for industrial customers in Benelux and the Nordic countries from January 1990 until September 2001†; ii) â€Å"a cartel on the market in thread for industrial customers in the United Kingdom from October 1990 until September 1996.† (â€Å"Competition: Commission fines producers†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , 2005, p.1) The cartel in industrial thread that remained operative in Benelux and Nordic countries involved seven companies. All of them were identified and their names with their respective amount of fines are given below. The industrial thread cartel that was operative in United Kingdom had been spared from any fine since there was â€Å"no proof that the undertakings participated in a continuous cartel within the five years preceding the Commission’s inspections in November 2001.† (â€Å"Competition: Commission fines producers of industrial thread a total of â‚ ¬43.497 million for cartels†, 2005, p.1) The anger and hate that was involved in the words of Neelie Krores the Competition Commissioner might be of interest while realising the evil of cartel, â€Å"Cartel behaviour is illegal, unjustified and unjustifiable, and will be punished severely no matter how large or small the companies involved.

Curvature of the Universe: Analysis

Curvature of the Universe: Analysis Introduction 1.1 Reviewing of General Relativity 1.1.1 Metric Tensor The equation which describes the relationship between two given points is called metric and is given by Where interval of space-time between two neighboring points, connects these two points and are the components of contra variant vector. Through the function, any displacement between two points is dependent on the position of them in coordinate system. The displacement between two points in rectangular coordinates system is independent of their components due to homogeneity, so metric is given by Where are the space-time coordinates, is speed of light and is metric for this case and is given by Through the coordinates transformation from rectangular coordinates,, to curved coordinates system the components ofin a curved coordinates system can be found . For constructing rectangular coordinates system in a curved coordinates if space-time is locally flat then it is possible to that locally. From rectangular coordinates system defined locally in a point of a curved space-time to a curved coordinates system can be written as So in this way we can find local values of metric tensor Three important properties of metric tensor are: is symmetric so we have metric tensors are used to lowering or raising indices 1.1.2 Riemann Tensor, Ricci Tensor, Ricci Scalar The tool which plays an important role in identifying the geometric properties of spacetime is Riemann (Curvature) tensor. In terms of Christoffel symbols it is defined as: Where .If the Riemann Tensor vanishes everywhere then the spacetime is considered to be flat. In term of spacetime metric Riemann Tensor can also be written as: thus useful symmetries of the Riemann Tenser are: so due to above symmetries, the Riemann tensor in four dimensional spacetime has only 20 independent components. Now simply contracting the Riemann Tensor over two of the indices we get Ricci Tensor as: above equation is symmetric so it has at most 10 independent components. Now contracting over remaining two indices we get scalar known as Ricci Scalar. Another important symmetry of Riemann Tensor is Bianchi identities This after contracting leads to 1.1.3 Einstein Equation The Einstein equation is the equation of motion for the metric in general theory of relativity is given by: Where is stress energy momentum tensor and is Newton’s constant of Gravitation. Thus the left hand side of this equation measures the curvature of spacetime while the right hand side measures the energy and momentum contained in it.Taking trace of both sides of above equation we obtain using this equation in eq. ( ), we get In vacuum so for this case Einstein equation is We define the Einstein tensor by Taking divergence of above eq. we get 1.1.4 Conservation Equations for Energy momentum Tensor In general relativity two types of momentum-energy tensor,are commonly used: dust and perfect fluid. 1.4.1 Dust: It is simplest possible energy-momentum tensor and is given by The 4-velocity vector for commoving observer is given by, so energy momentum tensor is given by It is an approximation,of the universe at later times when radiation is negligible 1.4.2 Perfect fluid: If there is no heat conduction and viscosity then such type of fluid is perfect fluid and parameterized by its mass density and pressure and is given by It is an approximation of the universe at earlier times when radiation dominates so conservation equations for energy momentum tensor are given by In Minkowski metric it becomes 1.1.5 Evolution of Energy-Momentum Tensor with Time We can use eq. () to determine how components pf energy-momentum tensor evolved with time. The mixed energy-momentum tensor is given by: and its conservation is given by Consider component: Now all non-diagonal terms of vanish because of isotropy so in the first term and in the second term so For a flat, homogeneous and isotropic spacetime which is expanding in its spatial coordinate’s by a scale factor, the metric tensor is obtained from Minkowski metric is given by: The Christoffel symbol by definition Because Because the only non-zero is so from eq. () conservation law in expanding universe becomes after solving above equations we get above equation is used to find out for both matter and radiation scale with expansion. In case of dust approximation we have so So energy-density of matter scale varies as .Now the total amount of matter is conserved but volume of the universe goes as so In case of radiation so from eq.() we obtain Which implies that, science energy density is directly proportional to the energy per particle and inversely proportional to the volume, that is, because so the energy per particle decreases as the universe expands. 1.2 Cosmology In physical cosmology, the cosmological rule is a suspicion, or living up to expectations theory, about the expansive scale structure of the universe. Throughout the time of Copernicus, much data were not accessible for the universe with the exception of Earth, few stars and planets so he expected that the universe might be same from all different planets likewise as it looked from the Earth. It suggests isotropy of the universe at all focuses. Once more, a space which is isotropic at all focuses, is likewise homogeneous. Copernicus rule and this result about homogeneity makes the Cosmological rule (CP) which states that, at a one-time, universe is homogeneous and isotropic. General covariance ensures validity of Cosmological Principle at other times also. 1.2.1 Cosmological metric: Think about a 3D circle inserted in a 4d hyperspace: where is the radius of the 3D sphere. The distance between two points in 4D space is given by solving we get now becomes In spherical coordinates Finally we obtain We could also have a saddle with or a flat space. In literature shorthanded notation is adapted: To isolate time-dependent term, make the following situation: Then where If we introduce conformal time (arc parameter measure of time) as then we can express the 4D line element in term of FRW metric: 1.2.2 Friedmann Equation: We can now figure out Einstein field mathematical statement for perfect fluid. All the calculations are carried out in comoving frame where and energy-momentum tensor is given by Raising the index of the Einstein tensor equation we get After contracting over indices and we get so Einstein’s Equation can be written as It is easily found for perfect fluid finally we obtain the components of Ricci tenser The components are and components are To get a closed system of equations, we need a relationship of equation states which relates and so solving At this point when we joined together with equation 62 comparisons in the connection of energy-momentum tensor and the equation of states, we get a closed frame work of Friedmann equations: 1.2.3 Solutions of Friedmann Equations: We are going to comprehend Friedmann equation for the matter dominated and radiation dominated universe and get the manifestation of scale factor. From the definition of Hubble’s law Matter Dominated Universe: : It is showed by dust approximation As both and, for flat universe (), ( an) for . When combined with equation, this yields critical density Currently it value is (we used).The quantity provide relationship between the density of the universe and the critical density so it is given by Now the second Friedmann equation for matter dominated Universe becomes so lastly Radiation-dominated Universe: It is showed by perfect fluid approximation with The second Friedmann Equation becomes Flat Universe Matter Dominated Universe (dust approximation) The first Friedmann equation becomes At the Big bang Using convention and universe flat condition we finally get Now we can calculate the age of universe, which corresponds to the Hubble rate and scale factor to be: Taking and we get Years Radiation-dominated: The First Friedmann equation becomes At the big bang and .Also we have Closed Universe Matter-dominated The first Equation becomes In term of conformal time we can rewrite the above integral as After substituting and using equation Then but we have so we get . Now but we have at sets. So we have now the dependence of scale factor in term of the time parameterized by the conformal time as Radiation-dominated Universe: The first Friedmann equation becomes In term of conformal time we can re write the integral as but we have conditions at sets so we get and the requirement at sets , finally we have Open Universe Matter-dominated (dust approximation): The first Friedmann equation In term of conformal time we can rewrite the integral as Take

The Dream Essay -- essays research papers fc

The Dream   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the early twentieth century, film maker and producer Adolph Zukor met Jesse Lasky, owner of Jesse L. Lasky Feature Play Company. The two men admired each others previous work and, in 1916, decided to combine forces. They created Paramount pictures and had one of the most familiar slogans in the film industry, â€Å"If it’s a Paramount Picture it’s the Best Show in Town†. Proving their slogan true they started turning out more than two pictures per week. During it’s peak in the silent film making era, Paramount was making 5 million dollars a year more than other production companies such as Warner, Fox, and Universal.(Paramount)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Paramount Pictures has come a long way since the silent film era. Now owned by Viacom, they have expanded their enterprise from simple movies to state of the art motion pictures, television shows, and other forms of home entertainment such as VHS and DVD. They have been an important driving force in film and television, and have been impacting our entertainment industry for almost 90 years. Paramount engages in many activities, and has influenced telecommunications and films through these. Paramount is comprised of three separate entities, which work together and individually to produce revenue for Paramount and Viacom. Paramount has increased its revenue by profiting from all of its many sources of income, which have helped the company to remain a leader in the film industry.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Paramount’s many activities, including movies, television shows, home entertainment, and theme parks have rocketed Paramount to huge success. Some of Paramount’s box office hits include Titanic, which is the all time box office leader, Mission Impossible, Ghost, Forrest Gump, and many film collections such as The Godfather and Indiana Jones. Paramount also teamed up with other Viacom owned companies such as Nick Movies to produce Rugrats in Paris: the Movie and Snow Day.(Viacom) Paramount did not only focus on movies, it branched out and stirred up the television industry also. Paramount’s Television history is â€Å"Home to award-winning comedies, the most successful franchise in syndication history, and a library of classic shows† (Viacom) and boasts over 55,000 hours of programming. The Paramount Television group has also created hits such as Melrose Place, Beverl... ..., and make into something everyone wants. Paramount has mastered the art of amazement with their skilled writing, acting, and movie making and their ability to continue to stretch the limits of telecommunications and film. Paramount is not just about money, it’s about people. One man had the dream, now everyone can experience it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Works Cited Huettig, M.D.(1946). Economic Control of the Motion Picture Industry. Philadelphia: University   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  of Pennsylvania Press. Mirabile,L.(Ed.)(1990)Telecommunications and Film in International Directories of Company   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Histories(Vol. II, PP.154-155).Chicago: St. James Press. PBS.(2005).Retrieved February 28, 2005, from Public Broadcasting Station.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Website:www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/Hollywood/business/rev.html Viacom.(2004). Retrieved February 26, 2005, from Viacom Home Page.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Website:www.viacom.com Youngerman,J.(1995). My Seventy Years at Paramount Studios and The Directors Guild Of   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  America. Los Angeles, CA: a Directors Guild of America Publications.

Organizational Culture and Cultural Values Essay

One of the most prominent instrumental values of 3M’s culture, and which has contributed to its success is employee risk-taking and encouragement of the same (Mitsch, 1990). 3M’s policy of creating room for employees to experiment and conduct research means that the researchers are more exposed to the risk of failure than they would be were risk-taking not encouraged. However, risk-taking also enhances chances of making improvements on existing products and developing new products. Another instrumental value in 3M is efficiency. Management of new technologies and innovations, assessing, reacting to and anticipating market trends, and assessing customer needs can be very challenging for the management. Research and Development can be costly yet some results are not always positive or available for immediate use. The management of available resources requires efficiency in management. Efficiency is therefore central to 3M’s culture. An important terminal value of 3M’s culture is high quality of output to meet customer expectations. 3M improves the quality of its output by encouraging research and development for long-term and short-term purposes. By encouraging risk-taking, allowing researchers to spend 15 percent of their time researching for new products and technologies, and scaling up R&D budget from 4. 6 percent to 6. 5 percent within a decade, 3M declares its intention to ensure that consumers get a continous supply of high quality products (Mitsch, 1990). A second terminal value is innovation. As noted above, 3M attaches high premium on research and development of new technologies and improvement of existing technologies and products (Mitsch, 1990). Innovation is one of the factors which separate market leaders from mediocre organizations and 3M invests heavily to sharpen its innovative edge. Question 2: Human interactions, property rights and ethics do influence 3M’s cultural values. The involvement of marketing, manufacturing, quality, laboratory, financial and packaging staff in production of new products promotes healthy relationships between staff members working with the different units. This team-work reduces the frequency of inter-departmental rivalry and exchange of blame for mistakes and failures. Healthy interactions among units and sub-units are instrumental to increased productivity and staff motivation. An important property right at 3M is access to and right to use laboratory resources and technologies developed within one’s operating unit, as well as technologies developed by other units. A leading cause of failure in many organizations is unhealthy rivalry among units, which lead to some units keeping technologies and resources to themselves and barring others from accessing them. The management of 3M ensures that workers, regardless of which unit they come from, can access laboratory resources and technologies easily (Mitsch, 1990). Such property rights encourage inter-unit co-operation and cohesion, reduce R&D costs, and promote productivity in the long-term. They also enrich the organization’s cultural values. Reference Mitsch, R. (1990). Case: Three Roads to Innovation. Journal of Business Strategy (Sept/Oct 1990), pp 18-21.

Ways To Prevent Tb Health And Social Care Essay

Michael does non cognize precisely when he contracted TB, but he figures it must hold been sometime during August 2007 in Bangkok. Before the beginning of his symptoms, he did non go to any topographic points that seemed particularly prone to TB. He could hold caught it anyplace, in a crowded disco, a saloon, or even merely sitting in a cab with an septic driver. Tuberculosis is transmitted through the air when person infected with TB coughs, sneezings, tongues, laughs, or negotiations. By making these things, they spread the Terbium sources in the air, and person can catch them from take a breathing in the sources and exposing it to their lungs or mucose membrane. The incubation period of TB is anyplace mediate two to twelve hebdomads. Therefore, the visual aspect of symptoms may non happen until months after the first exposure to the bacterium. There are many symptoms associated with TB, but they are non ever a revealing mark of a disease every bit serious as this and are frequently mistaken for something much less terrible. Some common symptoms of TB are a changeless cough with mucous secretion, coughing up blood, inordinate dark workout suits, weariness, febrility, and unwilled weight loss. Some extra symptoms include trouble external respiration, thorax strivings, and wheezing. Michael ‘s first mark that something was incorrect was a instance of the icinesss on a normal vesiculation hot twenty-four hours in the centre of Bangkok. A few hebdomads subsequently, he began to cough and experience a hurting which he, at that clip, thought was in his dorsum. His status quickly became worse and worse, and two hebdomads after his cough foremo st appeared, he went to see a physician at the taking international infirmary in Bangkok. The physician concluded it was merely an infection and gave him some antibiotics. Of class, the antibiotics had no consequence, and so he went back to see a lung specializer. The specializer concluded the same as the first physician, but this clip Michael insisted on an X ray. The X ray showed big clouded countries at the underside of the lungs. Fluid around the lung, along with swollen or stamp lymph nodes in the cervix or other countries, and unusual breath sounds, are a few marks of TB. She told him that it was either lung malignant neoplastic disease or TB, and she asked him to cough up some phlegm, mucous secretion like stuff from the lungs, so it could be analyzed. She besides recommended him to acquire an HIV trial because many people in Thailand have HIV before TB. Fortunately, the HIV trial came back negative, but that same twenty-four hours he was called back to the physician ‘s and officially told he had TB. A specialised infirmary was to make a more in-depth analysis, but Michael was prescribed his intervention right off. As mentioned before, TB is extremely infective because of its ability to be transmitted through the air. The infective period of this disease is difficult to find as a set sum of yearss or hebdomads or months. In theory, TB can be spread every bit long as the bacteriums are actively being released from the septic individual ‘s phlegm. However, the greatest opportunity of conveying the infection is during the period before diagnosing. The hazard of conveying the infection is greatly reduced within yearss to two hebdomads after get downing intervention. This is why it is vitally of import to acquire a speedy diagnosing of TB and get down taking medicine every bit shortly as possible. There are ways to forestall TB. The Bacille Calmette-Gu & A ; eacute ; rin ( BCG ) inoculation is effectual for cut downing TB meningitis and decease in kids, but it is merely used in states with high hazard for TB for it is merely effectual for a short period of clip. In fact, Michael had received this inoculation when he was born in Denmark, but he was told after he was diagnosed it was no longer effectual. PPD tegument trials are available in high hazard populations and for people exposed to TB, such as physicians and nurses. A positive tegument trial shows contact with the bacteriums, and prompt intervention is critical to forestall the spread of the bacteriums from people with active Terbium to those ne'er infected. All states are required to describe information about TB surveillance to the World Health Organization. This information is used to organize processs to command the planetary spread of the disease. A individual infected with TB should be isolated at place or a infirmary for 2-4 hebdomads till they are non contagious any longer. TB is normally treated by a standard six month class of the four drugs isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol. It is imperative that these medicines be taken every bit prescribed to forestall the bacterium from going resistant to the medicines doing it harder to handle. If the medicines are non being taken right, patients may be sent to straight observed therapy where they are observed taking their medical specialty two to three times a hebdomad. Michael ‘s coughing quickly decreased after being put on the medicines, and his back/lung hurting vanished after holding the liquid in his lungs removed. Remembering to take his medical specialties several times throughout the twenty-four hours, without of all time jumping, was a challenge, but he was determined. He was good informed by his physicians about side effects and different things he could non make. He experienced holding about ruddy piss and remembered no intoxicant was allowed during the six month intervention. Even though he knew nil about TB before his diagnosing, he listened to his physicians and was smart plenty non to halt taking his medical specialty after the first few hebdomads when his symptoms went off. He knew how of import it was to remain on them on a regular basis, and the six month intervention was a success. Terbium has the greatest opportunity of returning in the two old ages after a successful intervention, and so today, he is taking better attenti on of himself, doing certain to maintain his immune system strong. He stays strong mentally and physically, and he is convinced he ‘s all in TB one time and for all. Tuberculosis is a treatable disease, but certain fortunes can do intervention a more drawn-out, expensive, and hazardous venture. Suren Arakelyan is a 40 four twelvemonth old adult male presently shacking in an Abovyan infirmary on the outskirts of Yerevan the capital of Armenia, his native place. He has been combating TB for 15 old ages since undertaking it after a short stay in a Russian prison for a bash in St. Petersburg. Patchy antibiotics defeated the disease one time, but it returned in 2008 in the signifier XDR-TB, extensively drug-resistant TB. XDR-TB is one signifier of drug-resistant TB. Drug-resistant TB is when the bacterium become immune to the drugs normally used to handle TB. This can go on when prescribed the incorrect intervention, dosage, and/or length of clip, when the drugs are unavailable or of bad quality, when people do non take all of their Terbium medicines or take them on a regular basis, when they develop TB for a 2nd clip, or when they are infected by per son with drug-resistant TB. Multi-drug immune TB ( MDR-TB ) is when the bacterium is unaffected by a lower limit of INH and Rifadin, the most frequently used and effectual TB medicines. Extensively drug-resistant TB is a uncommon type of MDR-TB that is unaffected by INH and Rifadin, fluoroquinolone, and a lower limit of one of the three injectable second-line drugs ( such as amikacin, Kantrex, or capreomycin ) . XDR-TB is immune to the strongest first-line and second-line TB drugs, and hence intervention of this strain is less effectual, more expensive, and prone to more side effects. Drug-resistant TB may necessitate up to two old ages of chemotherapy depending on how many drugs the bacteriums are immune to. Arakelyan is emaciated and despondent, and he has lost half his lung tissue from the disease and much of his hearing due to the toxic drugs. He is lonely and separated from his household, a married woman and immature kids, who live in distant Belarus. Hopeless, he skips and refuses some of his prescribed medicines, the side effects on his organic structure excessively hard to bear, but this lone worsens his state of affairs and strengthens the bacterium ‘s opposition. Taking all of the medicines precisely as they were prescribed and ne'er losing or halting intervention early are the best ways to forestall drug-resistant TB. Bing rapidly diagnosed and get downing intervention instantly and restricting exposure to those infected with drug-resistant TB will besides assist forestall MDR-TB or XDR-TB. Scientists continually conduct research to happen better interventions for TB. Scientists at Yeshiva University in Bronx, NY are researching how TB infects/causes disease in worlds, how the human immune system responds, and placing the factors that allow the endurance and reproduction of the bacteriums in the host. They are besides analyzing the mechanisms of drug opposition and how M. TB is able to last long-run drug interventions to find more effectual drugs and methods of intervention against TB. They work towards making new powerful vaccinums to break prevent and protect against all strains of TB. Scientists at the University of Illinois in Chicago work to optimise anti-TB drugs to kill the bacteriums while being less toxic/non-toxic to human cells. They are besides analyzing the usage of natural merchandises against TB and developing tools to assist break the find of new drugs. Tuberculosis was n't one time called ingestion and the cachexia disease for nil. Without proper intervention, TB can be life endangering and if non can still do life hard and suffering. Precautions should ever be taken in high hazard countries until the twenty-four hours when scientists discover a definite remedy.

The best references to give on a job application

The best references to give on a job application Your job references aren’t just warm bodies who can verify that you’re â€Å"the best employee ever, and a totally great fit for [insert job here].† If done thoughtfully, your references can help you create a specific â€Å"hire me because I have these skills† narrative, or support the one you’ve set up in your cover letter, resume, and interview. The groundwork for these references should be done ahead of time, before you even think about applying for a job. That way, they’re ready to go when you need them- and won’t be taken by surprise when someone calls them for a reference. So who should be included on your list of professional references?Your current bossThis is complicated if you’re looking for jobs on the down-low, but if it’s an open concept that you’re leaving your current job and looking for a new one, your current manager is the best bet. He or she knows you as you are right now and can speak to recent accomplishments. Before you offer up your current boss, though, it’s important to know roughly what they’ll say. If there are any concerns or uneasiness about that, then leave them off the list.Your current colleaguesThis can be a great alternative if you don’t want your current boss to know you’re actively seeking another job. A trusted colleague (one who can keep a secret) who works closely with you can be an excellent reference to have, since they know you in a day-to-day professional capacity. Ask him or her to talk about specific projects and what you’re like as a team member.Your former supervisorAn old boss can be useful because they can give the hiring manager a sense of what you’re like as an employee, but the risk here is that their professional information about you may be a little out of date. And as with referring your current boss, it’s important to know roughly what they’re going to say. If you think they might w ant to talk about some of your less-than-stellar moments, then think twice about including them.Your teachers or advisorsThis isn’t all that helpful if you’ve been in the workforce for a while, but if you’re a recent grad or just starting out, professors or advisors can tell the company about your skills and personality.Once you’ve decided who your go-to references are for this job application, be sure to give them a heads-up that they may be contacted. Also give them information about the job itself and what you’re hoping they’ll emphasize in their chat with the new company. There’s only so much you can stage-manage what this person will say, but giving them a template of sorts helps them prepare and find the most useful information to share about you. It takes some of the onus off of them to figure out what they’re supposed to talk about.It’s also important to make sure your references are targeted to the job you want. If you’re applying for a marketing job, your old boss at your summer restaurant job might not be the most useful person to help you get this new gig. The more thought and preparation you put into your reference list, the better and more focused information they’ll be able to provide.